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MANUFACTURERS OF 



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Offers Creditors the best possible protec- 
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oftl^ (Erniun 
of lift (tl}tB<xpmkt 

T/ie Life and Resources of Maryland 
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A SOUXENIR OF 
THE JAMES'lOWN EXPOSITION 

HELD OX HAMPTON ROADS, VIRGINIA 
APRIL 26 TO NOVEMBER 30, 1907 



ENDORSKD HY THE MARYLAKIJ COAmiSSION 
TO TIIK J.AMKSTOWX EXPOSITION 



PUHI.ISHKD BY 

THE MERCHANTS 6. ....^NL FACTURERS ASSOCIATION 

B.\LTIMORE, :MARYLAXD 
COPYRIGHTED, 19U7, liV THE MtiRCHANTS & MANUKACTrRKRS ASSOCIATION, HAI.TIMORK, MD. 



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BALTIMORE 



CONTENTS 



The Purpose of this Book H 

Facts and Figures of the Jamestown Exposition 13 

The State of Maryland— By Hon. Edwin Warfield, Governor of Maryland . . 17 
Maryland and Virginia— By Hon. Claude A. Swanson, Governor of Virginia . 21 
The Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition— By President Tucker ... 24 

The Maryland Commission to the Jamestown Exposition 28 

Pr.AN of Jamestown Exposition 38 

Maryland's Record and Resources — From the Maryland Geological Survey . 51 

Baltimore — By Hon. E Clay Tinianus, Mayor of Baltimore 70 

Baltimore and the South 86 

Transportation in Maryland — Rail 93 

-Water 106 

.Maryland Agriculture anij Horticulture 115 

Maryland's Splendid Financial Showing 126 

Millions in Manufactures 130 

The Food State 137 

The Wholesale Jobbers . . 143 

The Retailers ... 145 

The Maryland Cities and Towns 148 

The Monuments of Maryland 152 

Education in Maryland 156 

1607 



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THE SEASHORE RESORT 

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^^.v ACCESS. ::= PICTURESQUE TRIP 

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^ -EAT V..IHTY OE ATTRACTION —- ^-^:^^^, 

Roller Coaster BowUn. and Pool ^^f^^v f P-- Arca"de Fishing and Boating 

Ferris Wheel Carousel 



1 v.arou=.. ^„^ rHPSAPEAKE , .000-FOOT CONCRETE PIER 

THE ™hST E,T„™o J=-=„V» ™'„SSf*" no TH, B«. 



GwYNN Oak Park 

THE OLDE ST__AND_THE_^EST 
76 Acres of "Woodland and Water 
Base Ball Tennis 
BOWLING- 



Bathing Boating 



Beautiful Dancing Pavilion 
Penny Arcade 

PARSON'S MILlTARY_BANp 



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Cool, Shady Groves First-Class Meals 



OWNED AND OPERATED EY 

The United Railways andElectricCo. 

BALTIMORE, MD. 




BATHING— GWYNN OAK 



The Purpose of This Book 



->- --^ •-!»-«>--'f>-'?'- 



.^^4-.^^..^^..^^ ARVLAND has a larger and more substantial interest in the Jamestown Ter- 
■^'^■^^^±_±_:±:_±-^-^ Centennial Exposition than any other State except Virginia. For every 



mm 



f-^-^- iVl '>^:6^i more who will go to Jamestown during 1907. Maryland will he called upon 

t^'^^ fillti ^° ^'■''^'' ^'"^ accommodate many thousands of the million and more visitors 

it:^'^:i,t:^'t:^'^:^'^:,yt:^tj ^^^o will attend the exposition. Transportation companies are making ex- 
t: -^ -*.■.*. •.-<>.^.^_^>^,i»^' Iraordinary efforts to handle the crowds and a very large proportion of these 
will .stop over in Maryland. In addition to the regular lines there are 
on the Chesapeake Bay more than 8,0C0 boats, and of these some hundreds, if not thousands, will be 
called into requisition for passenger and freight service. The Jamestown Exposition, therefore, so 
far as it affects trade and transportation business, is to a very considerable extent a golden opportunity 
for the enterprise of Maryland. 

On broader lines the relation of .Maryland to the Jamestown Exposition is peculiarly intimate 
and stimulating. Only a few years after the finst English settlement of the continent of North 
America by the Engli.sh speaking people was made at Jamestown on the 13th day of May, 1607, 
by Christopher Newport, Bartholomew Gosnoll, John Smith and their companions, the Ark and 
the Dove, containing the first of settlers, reached the Virginia colony and the newcomers spent 
more than a week with the \'irginians. Now, Maryland returns almost to the same spot with a 
beautiful building and with many splendid exhibits to show what she has accomplished in the 
300 years. 

This exposition, the latest in the great shows of civilization, is mid-distant between the 
extremes of North and South on the .\tlantic Coast and in the segment of its circle, with a 
315-mile radius, are 21,000,000 people, or more than a fourth of the entire population of the 
United States. The exposition itself is most beautifully planned. The government has appro- 
priated one and three-quarters millions of dollars and so provided for the most magnificent military 
and naval display the world has ever seen. In addition are all the attractions of the most modern 
of expositions. 

There will be a vast concourse of people and this book is intended to reach the useful and 
discriminating and to bring to Maryland large returns in business, investment and settlement. 
The Maryland Commission has given the work its unanimous endorsement, and the purpose is to 
make the book the best, most artistic and most convincing publication of its kind the vState has 
ever known. 

By agreement with the Commission 10,000 co])ies are to be distributed free. This is the 
minimum — the ultimate circulation of the book is expected to reach a larger figure than any 
previous publication exploiting the resources of this State and the trade and industries of 
Baltimore. 



SHOE FACTORIES AND TANNERIES OF 

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When you want the Dcsl Roofing Tin made of its 

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Importers and Dealers 

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THE CROWX OF THE CHESAPEAKE. 




BiRn's KvK ViKW OF thk Jamkstowx Exposition. 

Jfacts anC) Jfiourcs of tbe 3amc6town leiposition 



(Official name: Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 

Character : Jlilitary, Naval, JIarine and historic exhibi- 
tion. 

Nature: State, National and International historic cele- 
bration. 

Purpose : Commemoration of the first permanent settle- 
ment of English-speakinj; people in America 

Opening date: The hour of noon, April 26th, 1907. 

Closing date : The hour of midnight. November 30th, 
1907. 

To be opened by the President of the United States. 

To be closed by President and Governors of the exposi- 
tion. 

Location : Exposition grounds, on Hampton Roads, 
near Norfolk, Portsmouth and Newport News, Va. 

Exposition Company Headquarters, Norfolk, Va. 

Size of Exposition grounds : 400 acres of land space and 
a 4U-acre water space between the Grand Piers. 

Distances from Exposition grounds : Norfolk City limits, 
five miles ; Fortress Monroe, four miles ; Old Point Com- 
fort, three and a half miles; Newport News, five miles; 
Portsmouth, eight miles; Ocean View, three miles. 

Exposition grounds reached by electric railway, steam 
railway and steamship 

Opening hour for Exposition gates : 8 o'clock in the 
morning. 

Closing hour for Exposition gates : 11 o'clock at night. 

Price of admission to grounds: Adults, 50 cents; Chil- 
dren, 25 cents. 

Government buildings on Exposition grounds open at 
9 o'clock in the morning and close at 6 o'clock in the 
evening. 



The Jamestown Exposition has three miles of water front 
—two and a half miles on Hampton Roads and half a mile 
on Boush Creek. 

Two sides of the Exposition grounds are enclosed by a 
high wire fence, covered with honeysuckle, crimson ram- 
bler rose and trumpet creeper vines. 

The Exposition's great military drill plain contains 
thirty acres, surrounded bj' trees and pretty walks. 

A canoe trail, two miles long and twelve feet wide, runs 
from Boush Creek, which flows into Hampton Roads through 
the most interesting part of the Exposition grounds. 

A romantic winding trail, called Flirtation Walk, follows 
along Canoe Trail for more than a mile. 

A fine beach extends along the Exposition grounds for 
a mile. 

The various State buildings are all near the water front. 

From the State buildings can be seen ships and steamers 
going out to sea and coming in from all parts of the world. 

The Jamestown Exposition is a historical study of the 
past 300 years. 

The prevailing style of architecture at the Exposition is 
the Colonial. 

Many of the exhibit buiklin.gs and all of the States' 
buildings are to be permanent structures. 

More than a million flowers, shrubs and trees are already 
growing on the grounds and others are being planted. 

The Exposition police force will be the Powhatan 
Guards, 175 strong, commanded by a United States Marine 
officer. 

The Powhatan Guards will be a military body as well 
as a military police, and will be on duty at all times until 
the close of the Exposition. 



THE CROWN 0!F THE C H E S A P E A* K E 




Jainciuowii Jb,ii»Oi5iiioii :iSuilc>iiuis 

lib feft lon.u an.l 161) feet 



i,U : 100x250 feet. 



The 


Hall 


of Congresses 


wide, 1 


■vith « 


ings 62 


feet w 


Auili 


loiiuii 


1 : l.Snx. 


250 fee 


Mini 


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urgy 1 


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Hist. 

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Arts' I'alace 



280x550 feel 
280x550 feet. 



60x100 feet. 



Mothers' ami Children's lit 

Children's Model Playground: 50x32 feet. 

Model School : 35x45 feet ; Model School-room, 25x32 
feet. 

Iron shops, in Arts and Crafts Village : 48x50 feet. 

Pottery Shops, in Arts and Crafts Village: 48.^50 feet. 

Copper. Silver and Woodworkers' .Shops, in Arts and 
Crafts Village : 44x137 feet. 

Textile Buildiii-, in Xrts and Crafts Village : 53x88 feet. 

Grand Piers: J, llm I, , i li.ng, from Exposition grounds 
into Hampton Roads, smi k-et wide; connected by cross 
pier 1,200 feet lon.t; at a distance of 2,400 feet from shore. 

Water space in Grand Basin, formed bv Grand Piers: 
280 acres. 



Cape Henry, where the ships of New- 
port's flotilla first anchored in America, 
and made their first landing in April, 1607, 
is only six miles from the Exposition 
grounds. The old Cape Henry lighthouse, 
erected in 1691, still stands, although 215 
years old. 

A United States wireless telegraph sta- 
tion is located at Cape Henry. 

Jamestown Island, where the first per- 
manent settlement of English-speaking 
people was made in America, is two hours' 
run from Norfolk. Here are still to be 
seen the remains of the old settlement of 
three centuries ago and a museum of old 
historic relics of the early days of America. 
Craney Island, at the mouth of the 
Elizabeth river, near Norlolk, is another 
point in American history. 

The famous Shenandoah Valley, the 
.scene of many great military operations in 
two wars, is only a few hours' ride from 
the cities of Hampton Roads. 

Virginia Beach, Ocean View, Pine Beach, 

Old Point Comfort, and other famous 

seaside resorts are within a few minutes' 

ride In- trolley from the Kxpositinn grounds. 

Fortress Moiiror, ininii/di.itc.-l\- across 

Ilaniptoii K.i.als, is lliu l.iryist .\inerican 

tort, and 'Hir ..I Uif sir. >ii-fsl, lirst equipped 

and most picturesque military points in the warld, dating 

Ijack from 1614. 

Miilway between Fortress Monroe and the Exposition is 
Fort Wool, an adjunct to the larger fortification, recently 
improved and strongly equipped. 

The United .States Naval Hospital at Portsmouth, 'where 
aged and disabled sailors are cared for at the Government's 
expense, is the largest institution of the kind in the 
country. 

Near the Exposition is the great Norfolk Navy Yard, 
which employs more than 3.000 men and has cost the 
Government more than v2n OOii.dOd. 

At Newport News, jusi a. imss Hampton Roads from the 
Exposition, is the ,t; real shi]! xanl where so many battle- 
ships, cruisers, torpedo l.oals, deslroyers and sub-marines 
have been built. Here, also, is the largest dry dock in the 
world. 

Yorktown, where at last the great Britisli army laid 
down its arms in the American Revolution, is only a few 
miles from the Expo.sition. 

Some Jamestown ]£.rpo!3ltion Httraction£5 

Greatest military speelaele llie \xoild has ever seen. 
Grandest naval remle. \ ou^ m history. 
International races 1j\ sulan.uiiie warships. 
Competitive flights of airships from all countries. 
Magnificent pyrotechnic reproduction of war scenes. 
Reproduction of the famous battle between the 



Points of Historic Unterests 

Near the Jamestown Exposition grounds are a navy yard, a ship building 
plant, an arsenal and the most formidable fortress in the United States. 
^Around the city of Norfolk, near which the Exposition is to be held, 
are many fine hotels, club houses, yacht clubs and fine beaches. 

The territory in this vicinity has been the scene of more bloody battles, 
which occurred during the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812' and the 
Civil War, than any other part of America. 

At Hampton Roads, just off the Exposition grounds, was fought the 
great battle between the Monitor and Merrimac, during the Civil War, 
the first battle between ironclads. The fortification from which a land 
force of Confederates participated in this battle are ou the Exposition 
grounds. 

Richmond, the capital of the Southern Confederacy and an important 
point in hi.story, is only a few^ hours' ride from the grounds. 

Petersburg, where the closing battles of the Civil War were fought, is 
near by, and Appomattox, where General Lee surrended, is about three 
hours' distant. 




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jenKinS Manufacturers and Retailers JeilKinS 

^^^"M^^^^M 2 Jo NORTH CHARLES STREET I^H^^^^^^^ 

i7AnniTv ciTTTtrn BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. 

FAMILY SILVER WEDDING SILVER 

INCORPORATED 



STRICT ATTENTION GIVEN TO MAIL ORDERS 

USE OUR CELEBRATED SILVER POLISH 




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Exquisite Articles for Table, Toilet and Desk 

OUR OWN MAKE 



Upon receipt of satisfactory references from any National Bank or responsible 
business house, Jenkins & Jenkins, Inc., will send on approval selections from 
their stock to any part of the United States or Europe. 



T H E C \< O W X O F THE C U !• S A F E A K E 



Monilor and Merriniac, at the place where that liattle 
Great museum of war relics from all nations and all ages. 



fou.ifh 



b\' the various States of 



pii 



Indian relics of three centuries 

A beautiful colonial citj- of buildings ow 
the Union. 

The largest motor boat regatta ever held. 

Unique and gorgeous night harbor illuminations. 

Greatest gathering of warships in the history of the world 

International yacht races in which the countries of the world 
ticipate. 

Prize drills by the finest soldiers of all nations and by picked regiments 
of the United St.itrs :nid .^tate troops. 

Races of dii ii^ililu ,iii -lii|is for commercial use. 

Races of niilu.iix :iii slups of different nations. 

Field athktii' lontisis lutween champions of all great nations 

An exact reproduction of the old town of Jamestown as it w is thitt 
centuries ago. 

The largest military parade ground in the world. 

The greatest military and naval parades ever witnessed. 

More naval and military bands than were ever assembled in time of peace 

Industrial exhibits showing the progress of the world 
during three centuries. 

Wonderful technical exhibits by the leading nations of 
the world. 

An immense forestry exhibit. 

A magnificent tobacco palace. 

King Cotton in all stages from the growing plant to the 
finished fabric. 

A beautiful palace built of coal. 

A complete Japanese village, showing all phases of 
Japanese life, made by the government of Japan. 

United States Life Saving Corps in daily demonstrations 
of life-saving methods. 

Greatest array of gorgeous military uniforms of all 
nations ever seen in anv countrv. 




More members of royalty of different countries than 
ever assembled in peace or war. 

.\ great living picture of war with all of its enticing 
splendors. 

The grandest military and naval celebration ever 
attempted in any age by any nation. 

Contests of skill between soldiers and sailors of different 
nations. 

Daily inspection of warships in the harbor and troops in 
camp. 

Special .\laska and Philippine exhibits by the United 
States Goverimient. 

Special Indian exhiljits by the United States Government. 

Sijecial Negro building and exhiliit by the United States 
Government. 



MARYLAND 
CASUALTY COMPANY 

Baltimore, North and Fayette Streets 

BALTIMORE, - - MARYLAND 



Assets, $3,691,447.50 



Surplus to Policy Holders, $1,722,046.77 



This Company writes the following insurances: Personal Accident, Health, Automobile Liability, Employers' 
Liability, Public Liability, Burglary and Theft, Sprinkler Leakage, Elevator, Sleam Boiler, Fly Wheel, General 
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THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 17 



^vK 



t A-^J^ltJLre f 




Zbc State of flDar^lanb 



Hv Hon. Edwin W.\urrKLi), (io\KKNOK oi' Maryland 

^■^^^^^^^^-JHE three great epochs in American historj^ have been commemorated by expositions. In 
^ '-r ^ 1876 the end of our first century of independence was celebrated at Philadelphia in a 
^ ^ ^ manner that profoundly impressed our people and demonstrated that the United States 
^L<^^>i5 possessed the spirit and the resources that were fast making her the greatest Government 
on the globe. 

In 1892, following the suggestion first made by the Baltimore S/m, the four hundredth anniver- 
sary of the discovery of the Western Hemisphere by Columbus was signalized by the World's Fair at 
Chicago. That Fair brought the whole world together in a grand display of its progress to com- 
memorate that historic event. The growth of the North American Continent during those four centuries 
was exhibited there iu a marvelous and instructive way 

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition emphasized what was accomplished during tlie hundred 
years that elapsed since the acquisition of this vast Western domain by Thomas Jefferson in 1803. 

Now, in 1907, we celebrate in the Jamestown Exposition the foundation on which all the other 
events and epochs in American history are based. It is to me a most inspiring thought that here, 
where the seeds of freedom were planted, we are to have a great exposition to show its best fruits, after 
300 years of unparalleled growth and expansion. The planners of this Exposition acted wisely in 
seeking something more than material bigness. We are to have here the proots of what our nation has 
wrought in culture, education, skill and the refinements which show the development of the human 
intelligence. It will be no sectional event, but the rejoicing will be the anniversary of the whole nation 
in the midst of history- and in the presence of great things. 



18 THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

Here, where the wisdom of manhood sufirage was first shown, where the problems of democracy 
were practically solved, where great American principles were grounded and lived, must surely come 
to us that inspiration which will make us better citizens and arouse in us supreme confidence in 
the grandeur and certainty of our future. I predict that this Exposition will lift the South to a higher, 
freer and finer plane than she has ever known. And I believe that, having demonstrated her qualities 
and having gathered here the models of her work, she will set new standards for the future. 

Those virtues of leadership which began 300 years ago, and which have grown strong and better 
with the years, are with us yet, and the South should be prepared not only to yield new leaders in art, 
literature, education and culture, but to furnish more Presidents of the United States. For today, in 
her homes and in her public offices, are men as able and as strong as she has ever had. 

The past appeals to us with all of its sjilendid history and traditions, but nothing in it can equal 
the present material prosperity of the South or the quality of manhood which is controlling and increas- 
ing these wonderful results, while the future, with the present as its starting point, holds in it all the 
best that destiny can give. 

In every part of the vast Exposition Maryland will l)e represented. Our farmers and our 
growers, our fishermen and our oysterraen, our manufacturers and our railroads, will show what Mary- 
land has done and is doing; will exhibit to the world the fact that our resources are as varied as those 
of any State in the Union, and that no city makes more needful and useful things than are produced by 
the industries of Baltimore. 

The Maryland Building is dedicated to hospitality and to our historic achievements, and the work 
we are doing in education and art. In it will be all the warmth, all the fullness and all the charm of 
Maryland's traditional hospitality. 

In it will be an exact reproduction of the old Senate Chamber of the ancient State House at 
Annapolis, in which George Washington resigned his commission as Commander-in-Chief of the 
Continental Army. 

We Marylanders are proud of the history of our State, and venerate the deeds of our forefathers. 
Therefore, I ask your indulgence while I brieflj' tell you the story of Maryland. She stands as the 
seventh in the original galaxy of thirteen States, because she was the seventh to adopt the Constitution 
forming the permanent Union. The very foundation of the colony of Maryland was of national 
importance, because the principle of religious toleration was introduced liy the founder. From the 
time of the landing at St. Mary's until today liberty of conscience has been the fundamental right of 
everj' person in Maryland. 

Much has been written upon the subject of the Act of Toleration of 1649. The true history may 
be briefly stated. Cecilius Calvert, being vested with extraordinary power over a great territory, 
determined to found there a free English State, where all the rights and liberties of every English free- 
man would be protected. To do this he divested himself and his heirs of the princely prerogatives 
granted to him by his charter. He caused to be drafted at home, and then adopted by the freemen of 
Maryland, codes of laws which transferred English institutions to Maryland. By orders, proclamations 
and conditions of plantation, he strengthened and fortified these institutions thus transplanted. Believing 
that Magna Charter and the right of petition guaranteed every Englishman the right to liberty of person 
and security of property, he was wise enough to see and brave enough to declare that these rights were 
worthless without liberty of conscience. He, therefore, adopted and declared that to be the principle on 
which the foundations of Maryland should be laid. From the first he intended to secure all those 
rights, privileges and franchises, not alone to Roman Catholics, nor yet alone to Englishmen, but 
to all Christian people of all the nations of the world. 

In doing this he was supported by the whole social influence of the Roman Catholics of England 
and by the power of the Society of Jesus. 

Under this institution the Puritans settleil at Providence, the Quakers at West River, and the 
Presbyterians on the Patuxent. It gave shelter to the Huguenots after the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 
and to Roman Catholics from the nuirders and burnings of San Domingo. 

Notwithstanding its repeated external overthrow by force or faction, it has always been imbedded 
in the life ol the people. In the wars, insurrections, revolutions, rebellions and civil broils which 
swept the province in its earlier days, neither life, liberty nor property has ever been sacrificed in the 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 19 

fury of religious fanaticism. Blood has been shed in the struggles of factions, but no man has ever been 
put to death on account of his religion in Maryland. 

The growth of popular government was early manifested in colonial Maryland. In the very first 
Assembly, in 1635, every freeman was entitled to a seat and voice in the proceedings. The second 
Assembly was held in 1537, and the freemen rejected the code of laws offered by Lord Baltimore, 
although liberal and just, claiming the right to originate legislation for themselves. Thus began the 
fight in Maryland for the rights of the freemen. 

In 1739 the Assembly successfully opposed taxes being imposed without its consent, and this 
fight went on until 1765, when the attempt io place taxes by Parliament and the tea tax of 1767 so 
aroused the people that the protest was universal throughout the colony. 

In the limits of this article it is impossible to mention the leading events of her history in detail. 

On October 19th, 1774, withoutdisgui.se and in the open day, her citizens burned the brig Peggy 
Stewart and her obnoxious cargo of tea. 

In Augu.st, 1776, in front of Brooklyn, it was "Maryland's Four Hundred" under the intrepid 
Gist, that charged the British Grenadiers six successive times and saved Washington's army, and was 
its rear guard in the masterly retreat through New Jersey. 

And in every war of our country on land or on sea, her sons have been in the forefront of the 
fighting. 

In the ways of peace she has also been prominent. The fir.st steam railroad in America was built 
here and the first electric railway operated. It was a Marylander who invented the sickle knife for 
reapers, and the first successful self-raking reaper was constructed by a native of Howard County. 

A great fire in February, 1904, swept over the heart of our metropolis and destroyed business 
property to the extent of $75,000,000. While the flames were still raging our merchants began to lay 
plans for rebuilding. Generous offers of pecuniary aid were made by other localities but they were 
declined with thanks, and Baltimoreans rebuilt their city unaided. The spirit of her ancient people 
rests with the Old State still. 

Maryland is famous for its hospitality. You, who visit the Jamestown Exposition will be 
welcome here, whether you come as friends or as patrons of her merchants and their industries. 



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MAGRUDER POWELL. Assistant Cash.cr 

A COMMERCL\L BANK 

Special Attention Given to Collections. Accounts Solicited on Favorable Terms- 

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(TDav\>lanb anb Divoinia 



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celebrated negro preacher of Richmond, in his sermons frequently 
^ T ^ remarked that there were four kinds of jieople in the world — Hottentots, Huguenots, 
J<| J ^ Ahyssinians and Virginians ; that these included all. After meeting visitors from my sister 
*'i<^^>!ii' ^'3te, I wish to name a fifth class, peculiarly charming and attractive — the Marylanders. 
A Virginian remarked recently, when he died he wished to die in old Virginia, because the 
transition from there to heaven would be less abrupt and the change less sudden than from elsewhere. 
I feel sure that all Virginians will concur with me in saying that if this transition from earth to heaven 
can't be had in the Old Dominion, the next best locality from which we would desire to have it would 
be Maryland, since, next to Virginia, the change fom there would be less abrupt. There is no State 
in this Union for which Virginia entertains a warmer regard, a higher esteem and a deeper reverence 
than for Maryland. 

Both of these illustrious Commonwealths belong to America's aristocracy of States, since they 
are included in the thirteen original colonies. Maryland was once a part of Virginia, and Virginia 
parted with her very reluctantly. It was only by a force of arms that Virginia consented to lose so fair 
and desirable a province. The first naval battle of America was fought in the Poconioke River, on the 
23rd day of April, 1635, between the vessels of Clayborne, a Virginian, and Leonard Calvert, for control 
of Maryland. I must be frank enough to confess that in this, the first naval battle of the Western 
World, the Marylanders were triumphant and defeated the Virginians. Thus, Maryland early gave 
indication of that supremacy and genius in naval warfare which afterwards, through her illustrious 
sons, Stephen Decatur and Winfield Scott Schley, wrote the brightest chapters in the naval achievements 
of this nation. I am proud to salute a Commonwealth which can furnish, not to this nation, but to the 
world, two such immortal heroes. I can not refrain from conveying to this splendid State my profound 
admiration for her in being the first organized government to be founded upon the eternal principle of 
the absolute freedom of human conscience in matters of religious worship and belief. The Toleration 
Act of Maryland, passed in 1649, is the first recorded legislative act of the world where absolute freedom 
of religious worship and belief were permitted. This great Commonwealth has the glory of being the 
pioneer of all others in preserving the integrity and the absolute freedom of human thought and con- 
science. A Commonwealth possessed of such a proud distinction may well have her brow ever decked 
with a diadem of praise and fame. 

During the Revolutionary War, Maryland and Virginia stood shoulder to shoulder; both became 
battle-scarred with suffering, and crowned with Revolutionary triumphs. Her Samuel Chase and her 
Charles Carroll were Revolutionary patriots whose eminent service ranked with the best. Maryland 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 



has produced eminent sons, whose genius has made that 
Commonwealth resplendent and illustrious. Her William 
Wirt and William Pinkney were famous orators who have 
given to speech new charms and graces, and taught to elo- 
quence new powers. She alone of the Commonwealths of 
this nation could furnish in Roger Taney a fit successor for 
Chief Justice Marshall, of Virginia. Her Francis Scott Key, 
the author of the " Star-Spangled Banner." furnished the 
battle-hymn of the republic, whose soul-stirring notes have 
animated brave hearts and made them carry Old Glorj- 
through many fields of carnage and danger to heights of 
victoiA- and glorious triumph. 
Hvi,R.^NGEAS, EXPOSITION Grolxds. "^^ ^^^ ^^.^^ Executive of this State, and in behalf of 

the people of Virginia, I gladly welcome Marj-land to participation in this Exposition. Her contribu- 
tions to national greatness and glory justly entitle her to full participation and high station in the 
coming exercises. No State in the Union will receive a warmer and more loving welcome than that 
extended to our sister State of Marj-land, whose people have ever been friendly and generous to Vir- 
ginia, alike in our days of prosperity and power, and in our dark hours of suffering and despair. 

That beautiful and stirring tune, " My Maryland," almost awakens in the heart of a Virginian 
as much enthusiasm and delight as it does in the heart of a Marj-lander. 




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JOHN S. GIBBS, . 
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. President 
Vice-President 
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. Cashier 



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THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 








Zbc Jamestown ITcv^Gcntcnnial Exposition 

By President Tucker 
"Mr. President, Oir Distinguished Giests, Ladies and Gentlemen: 

" Standing upon an eminence of three centuries of achievements the American Republic pauses today to celebrate 
in fitting manner, the ter-centennial of its birth on the banks of the tawny James. The steadiest head grows dizzy, the 
strongest ner\e agitated, while the pulse of the lionhearted assumes the motion of the triphammer in the retrospect of 
the marvelous progress of 300 years. The origin of ancient Rome, Greece and of other countries that in their day have 
controlled the destinies of the world are shrouded in mystery or preser\ed in fable by poetic fancy, and even more modem 
nations find it difficult to point with historic accuracy to the date of their birth. Even our own mother land, endeared to 
us by so many ties, finds it difficult in the incursions of the Norsemen, the piratical invasions of the Angles and Saxons 
and the misty origin of the ancient Briton to determine either its paternity or the birthday of the kingdom. More fortu- 
nate than these, or any of them, is this American Republic, not only in its knowledge of the date of its birth, but in the 
possession of the names and characters of those who first faced the dangers of the sea, and then the dangers of the savage 
and forest, in the founding of the greatest republic of modern times. And so we gather today in the presence of this 
distinguished company, representing not only our o^vn country, but the mother country, and with few exceptions every 
civilized nation of the world, to celebrate the ter-centennial of the birth of America. 

" This day brings w-ith it a twofold joy, in that it marks the ter-centennial of the birth, not only of the American 
Republic, but also the birth of Virginia, the oldest .American colony, both coincident and simultaneous. By Divine 
prescience the infant republic was first hidden in the bulrushes of our Virginia Nile and nurtured by its mother, Virginia, 
the daughter of the king, whom Providence had placed in waiting on the banks of the river, that she might be the first 
to give to her offspring those impressions of infancy so necessary- to high and noble character in maturity. 

0reetiiu35 to BirtbC>av partv 

" We greet you therefore this da>-, Mr. President and honored representatives of the great powers of the earth, at 
the birthday party not only of the .American Republic, but of Virginia also- the first, the oldest of the American colonies. 

" When the Federal convention was once on tlie eve of dissolution it was the venerable Benjamin Franklin who 
gave utterance to those remarkable words: 'God governs in the affairs of men, and if a sparrow cannot fall to the ground 
without His notice, is it probable that an empire can rise without His aid ? ' Those of us who agree with Franklin do not 
believe that the birth of the nation on the soil of ^"irgi^ia was accidental. For, from the inspired Book, are we not taught 
that he who would attain the bliss of eternal life must be born again, and in our subsequent history may we not see the 
analogy between man and a nation? For, if the first birth of our republic was at Jamestown on the 13tli of May, 1607, 
vriW it be denied that the second birth, necessary to its immortality, took place at Yorktown, on tlie soil of old \'irginia, 
on the 19th of October, 1781 ? 



ESTABLISHED 1835 



Merchants National 
Bank 



BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 



DOUGLAS H. THOMAS, President 

J. CLEVELAND WANDS, Asst. Coshier 



WILLIAM INGLE, Vice Pres. and Cashier 
JOHN B. H. DUNN, Asst. Coshier 



Capital $1,500,000.00 

Surplus and Undivided Profits $900,000.00 

Deposits $12,000,000.00 

Total Assets $16,000,000.00 



DIRECTORS 



DOUGLAS H. THOMAS, 

President 
FRANCIS E. WATERS, 

Of Surry Lumber Co. 
CHAS. A. WEBB, 

Of A. L. Webb & Sons, Alcohol, 

Spirits, Oils and Naval Stores 
JOHN S. GITTINGS, 

Of J. S. Gittings & Co., Bankers 



WILLIAM H. CONKLING, 

President, Savings Bank of Baltimore 
AUSTIN McLANAHAN, 

Of Alex. Brown & Sons, Bankers 
JAMES L. SELLMAN, 

Of James Bonday, Jr. & Co., 

Salts, Etc. 
WILLIAM INGLE, 

Vice-President 



Accounts of Banks, Bankers, Corporations and Individuals Solicited 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 




'306 JAMtSi 



"Cmarin tribute to Xee 

"The success of this day recalls the name of Fitzhugh Lee. 
His great zeal, his cheery nature, his greatness of soul and his. 
charming personality' contributed as much as any other cause to enlist 
the interest of the country in this great project. He possessed a zeal 
that accomplished something ; a heart that loved something ; a faith that 
believed something, and a patriotism that was ready to die for something. 
Whether following the plow or the bugle or the serious work of this 
enterprise he 

Ever with a frolic welcome took 
The thunder and tlie sunshine. 
■ ' Honor beat with his blood, and all things high came easy to him ; 
he fetched his life from men of royal siege ! The very government 
under which he lived was fashioned into shape and usefulness by his 
maternal ancestor, George Mason, whose brazen image in yonder city 
keeps watch over Virginia's great son. Upon the sire's side, what a 
pedigree ! From the hour when our race first planted foot upon Vir- 
ginia's soil, some Lee has made her annals illustrious, and one has 
made her name to flame over the earth with such fierce light as to blind 
the stars in their courses. 
" .\nd among the innumerable, the constant, the never-ending acts of kindness always so cheerfully bestowed upon 
this enterprise by President Roosevelt and by his great, noble Secretary of War, who honor us with their presence this 
day, we cherish none more cordially than those delic ite acts of symp.ithy extended to us, and the honor so graciously 
accorded the remains of our great chieftain in the hour of our bereavement. Such acts will live forever in the hearts- 
of all Virginians. 

"Bat, Mr. President, it has been your proud privilege to do much to turn the public mind toward high ideals, and 
we humbly trust that it may yet be your privilege to do much more for the cause of civil liberty. You have boldly chal- 
lenged to battle those who in your judgment would curtail this ancient principle ; the final outcome cannot be in doubt ; 
an iron nerve, a dauntless courage — with which you are happily possessed — will be vour support throughout the conflict. 
It was in the darkest days of our Revolutionary period, when the cause of liberty seemed doomed, that Washington, 
Virginia's great son, declared : ' Leave me but a banner to plant upon the mountains of West Augusta, and I will rally 
around me the best who will raise our bleeding country from the dust and set her free.' The descendants of these men 
still abide on Virginia soil ; 3'ou know the mettle of their pastures. As the successor of Washington, in your great office, 
if you feel that the cause of civil liberty today is endangered by domestic instead of foreign foes, let me invite you, 
standing on the sacred soil of Virginia, to which liberty is an indigenous plant and patriotism an evergreen, to plant the 
banner of liberty once again in the mountains of West Augusta, a country enriched with the best blood of Americans, 
North and South, and there rally around you her sons, whose men of might today are worthy of their sires, and with 
them raise your ' Bleeding country once again from the dust and set her free.' 

a prater tor peace 

"My heart's desire and prayer to Goi is thit when these gites, which we this day open, shall be closed in 
November next, and the fleets of the world which gracefully ride these waters shall have turned their prows homeward, 
that all the nations of the earth here represented, with mutual respect and admiration increased and strengthened by their 
friendly intercourse, may be cemented by the ties of an everlasting friendship that shall encircle the earth in one contin- 
uous band of amity and peace, and that those of our own people who have gathered here from every part of these United 
States for the purpose of kindling anew the fires of liberty in their hearts from these ancient altars, or with open hearts 
to renew the friendships of olden days, may with one heart and one voice joyfully unite in the aspiration of Massachusetts' 
great orator : ' Liberty and Union, one and inseparable, now and forever.' " 




f'Wr 




iHF^-^^T-. 



TM .iND Historic Buii.dinc.s 



The Western National Bank of Baltimore 

14 NORTH EUTAW STREET 

CAPITAL, ---... $500,000.00 

SURPLUS, ----... 400,000.00 

UNDIVIDED PROFITS, - - - 100,000.00 

TOTAL, - - - - . $1,000,000.0 



CHAS. E. RIEMAN, President 
W. B. BROOKS, Vice-President 



WM. MARRIOTT, Cashier 

JNO. L. SWOPE, Assistant Cashier 



John Black, Treasurer Crown Cork and Seal Co. 

James Preston, .... of John A. Horner & Co. 

Wholesale Notions 

W Burns Trundle Attorney at Law 

Walter B. Brooks, . . . President Canton Company 
E. Austin Jenkins, ..... Retired Merchant 
Thomas Todd, Treasurer R. M Sutton Company 

Wholesale Dry Goods 



Gilpin, 



President H. B. Gilpin Company 

Wholesale Drugs 

Charles E. Rieman, President 

Thomas J. Hay ward, 

Robert Garrett, . 

Franklin P. Cator, 

Albert Fahnestock, 



of Robert Garrett & Sons 



WE SOLICIT A SHARE OF YOUR BUSINESS 



Jos. C. Johnson. 



JOHN A. HORNER & CO 



-Distributors and Jobbers of- 




Underwear^ Hosiery^ 
White Goods, Notions 



We especially invite a visit from 
merchants and cor friends enroute fo 
the Exposition. Make our house 
your headquarters while in Baltimore. 



303 W. Baltimore Street. 
300 W. German Street. 



Baltimore, Maryland. 



T H !•: C R C) W 



F T 11 !■: C H 1-:S A P E A K E 




^Dal•\)lan^ Coniinif'i?ion 

to tbc 
3aniC9town iCiposition 

Coniiiutstonere 

Hope H. Barroi.i., . Chestertown 
Cartkr Lee Bowie, . Collington 
1 ii,i\ IK D. Collins, . Snow Hill 
Ik; i>i KICK M. Colston", Baltimore 
LH \ki ) s A. Councilman, Glyndon 
S 1 RANK DaSHIELL, Princess Anne 
Richard S. Dodson. . St. Jlichaels 
Allan Farouhar, . Sandy Springs 
Reuben Foster, . Baltimore 

\Vm S. GoLDSBOROur.H, Greensboro 
John H. Jamar, . . Elkton 
Ua\ ID G. MclNTOSH, . Towson 
J. Martin JIcNabb, . Macton 

Seymour :Mandelbaum. Baltimore 
Lynn R. Meekins, Baltimore 

James \V. Owens, . Annapolis 

W. J. Price. Jr., Centreville 

Jacob Rorhback, . . Frederick 
John B. Shannon, . Frostburg 
John K. Shaw, Jr., . . Baltimore 
T. Herbert Shriykr, I'nion Mills 
Palmer Tennant, Hagerstown 

Douglas H. Thom.\s, Baltimore 

i;eorge M. Thomas, Charlotte Hall 
John Warfield, B.Hltimore 

®tticcxe 
Frederick M. Colston, Chairman, 
216 East Baltimore St., Baltimore 



Carter Lee Bowie, Vice-Chairman. 
503-505 Carroll Building, Baltimore 

Douglas H. Thomas, Treasurer, 
Merchants National Bank, Baltimore 

I.ynn R. Meekins, Secretary, 

SIO Fidelity Building, Baltimore 



Erccuttrc Committee 
Frederick M. Colston, 
Carter Lee Bowie, 
Reuben Foster, 
David G. McIntosh, 
Lynn R. Meekins, 
DouGL.\s H. Thomas. 



Cbc XaMc? Buiiliarv 
Mrs. John Ridgelv, of Hampton 
Mrs. Jesse Tyson, of Baltimore 
Mrs. Henry \V. Rogers, of Baltimore 
Mrs. Lloyd Lowndes, of Cumberland 
Mrs. E. E. Jackson, of Salisbury 

President, 
Mrs. John Riikjely 

Secretary. 

Mrs. Henry \V. Rogers 

Treasurer, 

Mrs. Jesse Tyson 




AT Exposition. 



Tolchester Company Excursions 



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SEE DAILY PAPERS FOR DAYS AND HOURS 



JOSEPH Di GIORGIO. Prss.dcn 



HENRY J. BUCK. Treasurer IRVING K. WARD, Ssc. and Gen'l Auditor 

CABLE ADDRESS. " ATLANFRUCO " 



ATLANTIC FRUIT COMPANY 

IMPORTERS OF TROPICAL FRUITS 



General Offices, Calvert Building 
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Baltimore Division, 109 S. Charles St. Philadelphia Division, 121 Walnut St. 

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Baracoa, Cuba Sama, Cuba Sagua de Tanamo, Cuba 



r HE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

Joint IRcsolutiou IMo. 5, Xaws of 1904 



Joint Rh 



I'lON HV THE I^EC.ISI.ATURES OF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA 




Virginia State Bi-ii.ding 
Resolved' by the General Assembly of Maryland, That the Governor be anr 
commission of thirteen representatives to represent the State of Maryland, and to 
the shores of Hampton Roads, Virginia, on the 13th of 
May, 1907, which commission shall submit to the next 
General Assembly of Maryland such suggestions as to 
them ma\- seem desirable concerning the legislation 
necessary to carry out tlie objects and purposes of this 
commission. 



Xa\v5 of /IDar\?ianb, 1906 

Chapter 779 

" An Act to appropriate the sum of sixty-five thous- 
and dollars for the use of the commissioners appointed 
by the Governor, under the authority conferred on him 
by Joint Resolution No. 5 of the Acts of 1904, and to 
enable them to have theStateof Maryland suitably repre- 
sented at the Jamestown Exposition in the year 1907, and 
to authorize the Governor to enlarge said commission." 



Where.as, The Legi.slature of 
Virginia has passed a Joint Resolution 
requesting the Governor of that State 
to invite the co-operation and assist- 
ance of each and everj' other State in 
this Union, in order that each of them 
adopt the necessary measures to be 
suitably and appropriately represented 
at the Jamestown E.xpo.sition to be 
held in May, 1907; and, 

WeERKAS, The Governor of Mary- 
land in transmitting to this General 
.\ssembly, at the reque.st of the Gov- 
ernor of Virginia, the said Joint 
Resolution, has recommended the 
idnption of such measures as in its 
juilgment may be deemed best to en- 
able Maryland to be properl\- and 
appropriately represented at the said 
exposition ; therefore, be it 

1 he is hereby requested to appoint a 
the Jamestown Exposition on 





Rhode I.si.and St.\ti 



Mississippi — The Jefferson Davis Home 

Whereas, By Joint Resolution No. 5 of the General 
Assembly of Maryland, in the Acts of 1904, the Governor 
of the State was authorized to appoint thirteen commis- 
sioners to represent this vState at the Jamestown Exposi- 
tion, to be held in the year 1907, and said commissioners, 
after visiting the grounds, have reported favorably upon 
the position assigned to the State of Maryland, and upon 
the progress of the work in preparing for said Exposition; 

Whereas, The cordial relations existing between 
the people of the States of Maryland and Virginia, and 
the numerous ties both of friendship and trade, which 
bind them together, justify a liberal response on the part 
of this State in contributing to the success of an exposi- 
tion which is commanding world-wide attention, and 
enlisting the active support of the National Government 
and of the States of the Union ; and. 

Whereas, It is desirous that the commission having 
the interests of the State in charge be representative 
and influential, now, therefore. 



Armstrong, Cator & Co 



BALTIMORE 

IMPORTERS AND JOBBERS OF 



Notions, White Goods, Silk Goods 
and Millinery 



^ce /?/isc/v 



Rasch&Gainor, ^ 

IMPORTERS & MANUFACTURERS ■ 

Window Shades, PoRirERES, MosQurro Canopies, 
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No 32 Hanover Street, South 

B-AIiTilVIORE.MD,,, 



THE CROWX OF THE C H E S A P 1< A K E 



«^- 



"I 







Manufacturers' Buiu)ini 



ly authorized, 
No. 5 of the 
)f five women 



Skction 1. Be it enacted Ijy the General Assembly of Maryland, That the Governor be and he is 
in his discretion, to enlarge the number of commissioners appointed under authority by Joint Resolv 
General Assembly, Acts of 1904, to the number of twenty-five; and also to appoint an auxiliary c 
to assist said commission in the discharge of their duties. 

Sec. 2. And be it enacted. That the sum of sixty-five thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, 
be and is hereby appropriated to said commission, to be used for the purpose set forth in the preamble of this Act, and the 
Comptroller of the State is hereby authorized and directed to draw his warrant on the Treasurer of the State, for the 
payments of such requisitions, to the extent of this appropriation, as may from time to time be made upon him by the said 
commission, said requisition to be signed by the chairman of the said commission and be countersigned by its treasurer, 
to be accompanied by the estimate of the expenses for which the money so drawn is to be applied. 

Sec. 3. And be it enacted. That this Act shall take effect from the date of its passage. 

Approved April 5, 1906. 

The joint resolution of the Legislature of 1904, under which the Maryland Commissioners to the 
Jamestown Exposition were appointed, directed that they should submit to the next General Assembly 
of Maryland such suggestions as to them seemed desirable concerning legislation necessary to carry out 
the objects and purjjoses of the Commission. The Legislature had recognized the importance of the 
Exposition, but made no ap])ropriation for the expenses of the first Commissioners. 

In 1905 the Governor appointed the thirteen commissioners, as follows: Mr Douglas H. Thomas, 
Captain Frederick M. Colston, Mr. Daniel Baker, who resigned and Hon. Jacob Rohrback was 
appointed. Colonel David G. Mcintosh, Mr. Herbert T Shriver, Mr. Palmer Tennant, Mr. R. S. 
Dodson, Mr. Oliver D. Collins, Mr Allan Farquhar, Colonel James W Owens, Mr. Carter Lee Bowie, 
Senator S. Frank Dashiell, and Mr. Lynn R. Meekins. 

These Commissioners met for organization in the F'idelity Building l)y invitation of the Governor 
on the 4th of Decetnber, 1905; all being present except Senator Dashiell. They were welcomed by the 
Governor who assured them of his hearty cooperation in their work. Mr. Owens called the body to 
order and Mr. Douglas H. Thomas was elected temporary President, and Mr. Lynn R. Meekins was 
elected temporary Secretary. The following permanent officers were then chosen: 
Cliairman, Mr. Frederick M. Colston, 
Secretary-T}easurey, Mr. Lynn R. Meekins. 



W. E Arnold Company 



MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS 



WINDOW SHADES, LACE CURTAINS 



PORTIERES, TRUNKS, ETC 




21 South Charles Street, :: Baltimore, Md. 



THIRD NATIONAL BANK 

DEPOSITORY OF THE UNITED STATES. STATE OF MARYLAND AND CITY OF BALTIMORE 

CnryApn^pA Sta-t-om<>nt ^'°"^ Official Report to the Comptroller ot the Currency Showing 
L>CnaenSe a statement condition at the Close of Business May 20, 1907 

RESOURCES LIABILITIES 

Loans and Discounts - Sl,9:0,302 98 Capital Stock ----- $500,000 00 

Baltimore City Stock - - 572,732 2i c _< , < d-„<(- Tin S99 Is 

Stock and Bonis - -- - 90;961 93 Surplus and Prott, - - ,„'noo nO 

U. S. Bonds to Secure Circulation - 223,000 00 Circulation ----- Zli,W\) UU 

U. S. Bonds to Secure U. S. Deposits 87,0C0 00 Bonds Borrowed ----- 241,000 00 

Other Bonds to Secure U. S. Deposits - 241.000 00 Bills Payable ----- 100,000 00 

Real Estate, Furniture and Fixtures - 61,506 94 n.'fw;its 2,800,796 51 

Cash and Sight Exchange - - 778, 891 55 U^posits _^'°" ' 

$1,005,395 66 $4,005,395 66 

WE TAKE advantage of this opportunity to extend our thanks to our many customers who have placed us in a 
position to publish this excellent statement of our financial condition, and by their continued assistance we hope to 
gain the business of many financial institutions, corporations, firms, individuals and trustees. 
INTEREST PAID ON SPECIAL ACCOUNTS 

OFFICERS 

ROBERT M. SPEDDEN, President A. B. CROUCH. Cashier 

ROBERT H. SMITH, Vice-President T. ROWLAND THOMAS, Asst. Cashier 

DIRECTORS 

William J. Donellv Robert M. Spedden John J. Kelly S. B. Medairy V°w?..^- ^°i^^-h j . 

G. W GaU, Jr. ' Murray Vandiver Thomas J. Fitzgerald Robert H. Smith J. Williani Middendorf 

E. H. Ray Alfred E. Booth W. R. Hammond Peter E. Tome John W. Hall 



Till-: C R O \V X O F THE C H 1% S A P E A K E 




States Exhibit Buildixo 



The executive Committee was appointed consisting of Frederick M. Colston, Carter Lee Bowie, 
Reuben Foster, David G. Mcintosh, Lynn R. Meekius and Douglas H. Thomas. 

Two other Committees were appointed, one on Legislation, consisting of Messrs. Owens, 
Mcintosh and Tennaut, and one on Finance, consisting of Messrs. Thomas, Baker and Bowie. 

The Commissioners began work at once and made arrangements for a trip to the Exposition 
Grounds. The part}' left on the Old Bay Line Steamer, Virginia, on December 13th, and spent the 
next day inspecting the grounds. On the return trip, December 14th, a meeting was held on the ship 
and it was decided to ask the Legislature to appropriate for the Building and Exhibit of Maryland at 
the Exposition the sum of $100,000.00. 

It was voted to advise a colonial structure in harmony with the general plans of the Exposition 
Company, to cost from $30,000 to 540,000, and that the State Exhibit be along historical and 
educational lines. 

Reports presenting the views of the Commission were made to the Governor under date of 
December 15th, and to the Legislature when it met in January. The Commissioners held a call meeting 
on January 10th, and laid their lines for work at Annapolis. Following the meeting the representatives 
of the business bodies of Baltimore met the Commission and for two hours there were speeches and 
interchanges of views from the leading business men of the city. 

This resulted in a cordial approval of the Legislature and in a concerted action of the Baltimore 
business organizations at Annapolis. The Commissioners took a jiarty of memliers of the Legislature 
to the Exposition Grounds in February. On Januarj' 18th, a public meeting was held in Baltimore, 
where speeches were made bj^ Mr. Colston, Mr. James W. Owens, Mr. Lynn R. Meekins, Mr. O. D. 
Batchellor, the General Counsel of the Exposition Company, and others. This resulted in the appoint- 
ment of a Committee to urge the appropriation from the Legislature. 

Letters and statements of the work of the Exposition were sent to thirty organizations in Baltimore, 
and general interest was aroused in the project. The Commissioners made various trips to Annapolis 
and gave their time and efforts to the work. The result was an appropriation of $65,000. The Com- 
mission was increased to 25 with a Lad'es' Auxiliary of 5. 

The Commissioners held their first regular meeting after the adjournment of the Legislature on 
April lOlh. Previous to this meeting the Committee had sent a letter to the leading architects asking 
their views ui)on the general ideas of the Commission for an architectural design characteristic of the 



The DROVERS and MECHANICS 
NATIONAL BANK 



OF BALTIMORE, MD. 



Capital, $600,000.00 Surplus and Profits, $388,000 00 



JAMES CLARK PAUL A. SEEGER CHAS. S. MILLER EDWIN P. HAYDEN 

Prcs.d.-,.t V:cc-Pr;sidcr.t Casl-.icr Asit. Cash.ci 



DIRECTORS 



United States Government and City Depository 



SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES FOR 
RENT 



FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC TRAVELERS' 
CHECKS ISSUED 



FIRE AND BURGLAR PROOF 

..The,. 
Commonwealth Bank 

Howard and Madison Streets. 

STATE DEPOSITORY. 



SAVINGS DEPARTMENT. 
Interest 3^^ P<^^ Cent. 

Large or Small Sums Received. Notary Public. 

Interest Bearing Certificates of Deposit Issued. 

SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES. 



J.mes R. Whcclcr, President. G.:o. Yakcl. Vice-President. 

John R. Hooper. Cashier. M. H. OULD. 2nd Vice-President. 

DIRECTORS : 

James R. Wheeler. Joseph G. Valiant. Marion H. Ou'.d, 

Jesse F.Ely. Jefferson J. Walsh. Dr. Thos. A . Ashby, 

George Yakel, Robert Biggs. Andrew C. Sr.vdcr, 

Jordan Stabler, Murray Vandlvcr. John R. Hooper. 



We would like to 



C U. B. A. 



smoker of the 



BUCKINGHAM BROS., 



MAKERS 



405 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, Maryland. 



36 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 




State and embodying strong historical significance. It was 
hojied to include some feature of the State Capitol, and to 
secure a commodious house following old colonial lines with 
plenty of modern porches. The architects of the city replied 
endorsing the general scheme. 

At the meeting of April 10th, Messrs. Frederick M. 
Colston, David G. Mcintosh, Douglas H. Thomas, Carter 
Lee Bowie and Lynn R. Meekins were appointed a Com- 
mittee to select the design and to make arrangements for the 
Maryland Building. 

The question of site furnished considerable difficulty. 
Two sites were assigned and declined. Finally it was decided 
that the Maryland site be selected in conjunction with the 
Virginia Commissioners if possible, but that the Commis- 
sioners go to Norfolk and Sewell's Point, and decide upon a 
site on its general advantages, especially in regard to the 
water front, bearing in mind that proximity to Virginia was 
desirable, all other things! being equal. The Commissioners 
made this trip and succeeded in combining all the conditions 
and in securing a site which was regarded as the best on the 
grounds. The Commissioners, at a sulisequent meeting, 
endorsed this selection. 

At the meeting of April 10th, Mr. Lynn R Meekins 
resigned as Treasurer and Mr. Douglas H. Thomas was unanimously elected. The Merchants Bank 
was selected as depository for the Commission's funds. It was ruled that no money be drawn out 
except on the signature of two of three officials, the three to be the Chairman, the Treasurer and 
the Secretary; all vouchers and checks to be signed by two of these three. 

Douglas H. Thomas, Jr. Esq., was selected architect of the Marjdand Building, and he proposed 
a structure following closely "Homewood," on Charles Street extended, Baltimore. This design was 
accepted. 

Advertisements were placed in all papers of Baltimore calling for bids for the l)uilding. 
The contracts were awarded to the lowest bidders : the Betts-Hayden Company for the l)uilding, 
and C. F. Meislahn and Company for the interior work. The total cost of the building was about 
$36,000. Its extreme length is 140 feet; main building 70 by 64 feet; the Senate Chamber 40 by 36 
feet; entrance hall 25 by 38 feet. The host of the building is Mr. J. William Baughman, of Frederick, 
and the hostess is Miss Mary Lynn Robbins, of Cumberland. 

The Commission allowed $5,000 of its appropriation for a horticultural exhiljit, which is in 
the States Exhibit Building, under the charge and direction of Professor Thomas B. Symons. 

Connected with the same exhibit is the displaj' of the oyster industr}- and survey, under 
Dr. Caswell Grave. 

The geological exhibit in the Mines Building is under the direction of Dr. William Bullock Clark, 
with Dr. Eugene H. Sapp, assistant. 

The special industrial committee is Mr. J. Harry Tregoe, chairman, Mr. W. W. Cator, 
Mr. E. K. Pattison and Mr. James Preston. This committee was largely responsilile for the 
Baltimore House of Welcome. 

The Maryland Building was opened formally April 17 \ Marj'land Day is Septemlaer 12, and 
Homecoming Day is October 19. Baltimore Day was June 27. 

The Maryland Building was furnished under the direction of the Ladies' Auxiliary Committee, 
who had an a])proprialion of $1,200 for the purpose. 



The Baltimore ♦.♦ 
,», Medical College 

,•* ^4 ^-t 

Preliminary Fall Course begins September I. 
Regular Winter Course begins September 20. 

^'■ .* .* 

Liberal Teaching Facilities ; Modern College 
Buildings ; Comfortable Lecture Hall and Am- 
phitheaters ; Large and Completely Equipped 
Laboratories ; Capacious Hospitals and Dispen- 
sary; Lying-in Department for Teaching Clinical 
Obstetrics ; Large Clinics. Send for Catalogue, 
and address 

DAVID STREETT, M. D., Dean, 

BALTIMORE. MD. 


College of Physicians and Surgeons 

OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND 

. . . FACULTY . . 

THOMAS OPIE M D EmerUus Piofessn, of GMiacolo^v 

CHARLES F BFVAN M D , 

Pio/essof of Pi tnc pies ai I Pi j / oT 'J i r>\ CI nica! anil 

Genito L>ma>ySn - fie Facully 

WILLIAM SIMON Pi nfClumuh^ 

Piof/ssoi ofSui^icalA Chnical Smanv 

GEORrF J M D 

Pi of ssor of PI \trvo,is System 

Prof, of Medtca Pasteur InsUtuU 

W I M D 
Prof. (Pimci Uinical Medrine 

Pr igetv 

P c 
H\kk\ FK I 1 
P J s^ii 0/ 
WILLIAM s GARDM 

LOW ARD \ BRI 

C. HAMP-,OV I )N1 M I 

li P H III 

JOLI I n A M MD 

Prof. ifDiseu ctor of Clinical Laboi atnrv 

i \H MD 

Prnf.ot Disen ^ > ' / iitic^ and Ct meal M I me 

UARY B GAMBLfc. M IJ / t ^s<i of Urn Ml Mtdicuie 

Thirty-SLith Annual Session will begin October I, 1907 
New building; modem equipment ; unsurpassed laboratories; 
large and iudependent Lying-in- Asylum for practical Obstetrics, 
Department for Prevention of Hydrophobia, and many Hospitals 
for Clinical Work present to the medical student EVFRY AD- 
VANTAGE. For Catalogue and other information apply to 

CHARLES F. BEVAN. -Dean 
Corner Calvert and SaratoRa Streets, - - Baltimore. Md. 




'iHE ;\ationAl 

I^xchAnge ^ 

^ BANI^ 

Hopkins Place, German and Liberty Streets 

BALTIMORE. 




Women's Medical 
College of Baltimore 

TWENTY-SIXTH 




CAPITAL, $1,000,000.00 

Surplus and $^^5 qOO.OO 
Froiits, 




ANNUAL SESSION 
J- J- 

Classes are small, and special attention paid to teaching 
each individual student. Thorough clinical and labora- 
tory instruction. Unusuolly large out-door obstetrical 
service. Terms moderate. For information address 

S. Griffith Davis, M. D., Dean, 

1100 McCuUoh Street, - - - BALTIMORE, MD. 




WALDO NEWCOMER, - - President 
SUMMERFIELD BALDWIN. Vicc-PresHcnt 
CHARLES R. DORSEY, - V.cc-Prcsidcnt 
R. VINTON LANSDALE, - - Cashier 
WM. J. DELCHER. - - A=.st. Ca.-.hier 

CORRESPONDENCE IS INVITED 





T II I- C R C) W X () F THE CHESAPEAKE 




KEV TO 



lUll-DllMO! 



1 


Auditorium and Convention Hall 


27 


North Dakota 


52 


2 


History and Historic Art 


28 


Walter Baker & Co. 


53 


3 


Education and Social Economy 


29 


Grand Trunk 


54 


4 


Manufacturers and Liberal Arts 


30 


Old Virginia Corn Mill 


55 


5 


Machinery and Transportation 


31 


T. P. A. Building 




6 


Marine 


32 


Georgia 


a55 


7 


Mines and Metallurgy 


33 


New York 




8 


Food Products 


34 


Massachusetts 


56 


9 


Pennsylvania 


35 


Illinois 




10 


Virginia 


36 


Michigan 


b56 


1 1 


Maryland 


37 


South Carolina 




12 


Missouri 


38 


North Carolina 




13 


Ohio 


39 


Alaska 


57 


14 


Fire Department 


40 


Florida 


58 


15 


Mothers' and Children's Building 


41 


Delaware 


59 


16 


Rhode Island 


42 


Larkin Soap Co. 


60 


17 


Connecticut 


43 


Woodmen of the World 


61 


18 


New Jersey 


44 


Sawmill 


62 


19 


Iron Shop 


45 


Warehouse 


63 


20 


Copper, Silver and Wood Shop 


46 


Palaces of Commerce 


64 


21 


Textile Building 


47 


Horticulture and Floriculture 


65 


22 


Model School 


48 


Virginia Manufactures 


66 


23 


Pottery Building 


49 


Concentrating and Smelting Plant 


67 


24 


Hospital 


50 


Keystone Driller Co. 


68 


25 


States Exhibit Palace 


51 


American Hydraulic Co. 


69 


26 


Inside Inn 









Leedy Cigar Factory 

Riverside Nursery 

Palmer Concrete Blocks 

U. S. Government Exhibits, Main 
Building A 

LI. S. Government Fisheries 
Exhibits 

L). S. Government Exhibits, Main 
Building B 

LJ. S. Government Smithsonian 
institution and National Mu- 
seum Exhibits 

Army and Navy Club House 

Club for Enlisted Men 

The John Deere Plow Co. 

Daughters of Confederacy 

L. S. Concrete Co. 

Middletown Machine Co. 

American Locomotive Works. 

Oregon and her Neighbors. 

West Virginia. 

Louisiana. 

Baldwin Locomotive Works. 

Private Residence 

Power and Alcohol Building. 



T H E C R O W X OF T H E C H E S A P E A K E 




PLAN OF JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION 

ON HAMPTON ROADS, VIRGINIA 

OPENS, APRIL 26, I907 CLOSES, NOVEMBER 30, I907 

PRINCIPAL OFFICES, NORFOLK, VA. 



1=1=15 



scale: feet 



BOARD OF DESIGN 
FOR JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION 



ARCHITECTS 
J. HARLESTON PARKER 
DOUGLAS H. THOMAS. J 
JOHN KEVAN PEEBLES 



LANDSCAPE DESIGNER 



KEY TO WARPATH 

■ Japanese Village 

• Tours of World 

• Old Jamestoivn 

■ Arcade 

• Swiss Village 

• Battle of Merrimacand Monitor 

• Battle of Gettysburg 

■ Pyramids of Egypt 
Streets of Seville 

• Destruction of 'Frisco 
' Esquimaux Village 

• Educated Horse 
Ride of Paul Revere 

' Baby Incubator 

• Offical Photographic Com. 

• Beautiful Orient ( Cairo I 

■ Shooting Gallery i Brown i 

• Crystal Palace Kahn) 

• Postal Card Emporium 
Soft Drinks 

■ Pop Corn, Peanuts and Candy 
Soft Drinks 

■ Shooting Gallery 

■ Shooting the Chutes 

■ Animal Show 

■ Tower and Revolving Parachute 

■ Fairyland 
Temple of Mirth 

' Battle of Manassas 
' Palace of history 

Traver Electric Tower 

Scenic Railway 

Roast Beef Sandwiches 

Trip to Unknown World 

Palaces of Commerce 

Labor Union Building 

Japanese Tea Gardens 

Public Comfort 

Friede Steel Lift 

Submarine Divers 

Airship and Balloon 

Phillipine Restaurant 



Palmestry 
Fighting the Flames 



THE C R O W X () F T HE C H E S A P Jv A K E 



Capt. Frederick M. Colston, chairiinin of the MarylnndConnnission to the Exposition, in turning 
over the Maryland Building, said; 

"J//-. Halchellor : — In lielialf of the Marvlaml Coniiiiission to the Jamestown Hxposilion, I acknowledge, with 
thanks and appreciation, your kind words, which are cordially reciprocated. It is peculiarly appropriate that the 
Maryland Building stands next to that of Virginia— with no fence between — typical of those States which have adjoined 
from Colonial times; and from that time till now their boundaries have never been legally established. 

"Virginia and Maryland have always stood together— alike in feeling and in sentiment; united by many ties of 
blood and friendship. This Kxposition will only tend to increase and cement the l)onds which for nearly 300 years have 
united them. 

" Governor Wariield: honored by your appointment, the Maryland Commission of the Jamestown Exposition is now 
prepared to point to the results of their labors. The design of our building was suggested by a young Maryland architect, 
Lawrence H. Fowler, and it was selected and has Iieen executed by another Maryland architect, Douglas H. Thomas, Jr. 
It is copied from a house erected by Charles Carroll of Carrollton, of Maryland, the last surviving signer of the Declaration 
of Independence, and the hall in which we stand is a replica of the Senate Chamber in the State House at Annapolis, in 
which Washington resigned his commission to the Congress of the United States then assembled in that chamber. 

'' In this hall we have collected a series of historical portraits and documents which illustrate the glorious history of 
Maryland in the Colonial and Revolutionary period, among which is a copy of a letter from Washington to the then Gov- 
ernor of Maryland, dated at the 'Camp near York, Dctober, 1781, ' in which he announced the surrender at Yorktown, over 
yonder, of the British forces, which ended the War of the Revolution and made the Colonies free and independent States. 

"That letter was sent by the hand of his aid-de-camp. Col. Tench Tilghman, of Maryland. In that letter 
Washington says: 

" ' My present engagcnu-nl will not allcnv nie to add more than my congratulations on this happy event, and to ex- 
pre.ss the high sense I have of tlu- powerful aid derived from the Stale of Maryland in complying with my every request to 
the executive of it.' 

" We are proud to be able to say that every Governor of Maryland, from Thomas Sim Lee, in 1781, lo Kdwin War- 
field, in 1907, has been equally responsive to his patriotic duties. 

" I would not be doing justice to my own feelings or be unmindful of a sense of gratitude if I did not express the 
obligation which we owe to the faithful and untiring labors of the secretary of this Commission and of the women members 
of our Commission, headed by Mrs. John Ridgely, of Hampton, to whom we owe so much, and to whom, in a large degree, 
is owing the success of our exhibition. 

" I now tender to you the keys to the :Marylan(l Uiiildini; (jf the J.iniestown Kxposition." 

Covernor Warfield in receiving the Maryland State Building from the commission, said: 

' ' It gives me pleasure, Mr. Chairman, to receive from you these keys, which in this ca.se typify work well performed, 
and I congratulate you, ladies and gentlemen of the Commission, upon the completion of this beautiful building in time 
for the ceremonies attending the open- 
ing of this historic Exi)osition. You 
have earned the praise, and the thanks 
as well, of all Marylanders for the 
intelligent and splendid manner in 
which you have performed this part of 
the work intrusted to you. 

"In every vital movement or 
emergency in American history during 
the pa.st 273 years Maryland has liecii 
among the first in action ami .ilways 
in the vanguard. 

"More fir.st things, from the 
fir.st steamboat, and the first railroad, 
and the first telegraph, to the first 
revolution in printing, have come 
from Maryland than from any other 
.State in the Union. 

" It was my special privilege to 
be among the very first Governors in 
the United States to connnend this 
Kxposition to a Legislature, and 
Maryland was one of the first .States 
to authorize a commission and to take 
action looking forward lo the consum- 
nialion which we wilness here lo.lav. 





Horizontal 
Drilling, 

Boring and 
Milling 

Machines 



Special 
Machinery 

Navv 
Gun Sights 

.-■* 

Disappearing 

Gun 

Carriages 



THE OPEN SIDE PLANFRS-HIGHEST A\X^ARD. CHICAGO. 1893. 

THE DETRICK & HARVEY MACHINE CO.. •-• BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Nobody Works in Our Family, Not Even Our Old Man 




THOUSANDS ARE USING IT, WHY NOT YOU? 



Contains no Acids, Alkalies or Poisons 

No Rubbing— No Washboard 

5 A CAKE e^ ^ 

^^* 5 CAKES TO THE BOX ^^ ^^ 



'°''''^Jpsend''to°''^''' ATLANTIC MF'G CO. Baltimore, md. 



T HI' t: R O \V N O F T II Iv C II E S A P K A K E 





Edwin Warkiki.d, 
governor ok marvi.a 



Henry St. George Tucker, 

I'RESinKNT the JAMESTOWN TER-CKNTKNNIAL 
EXPOSITION. 






Fri-.uivKIck -M. Col. stun, 
:hairman maryi.and commission. 



II 1'. Bakkr, 

CHAIRMAN BALTIMORE CITY COMMITTEE. 



Bufekrlros. 

BALTIMORE, MD. 
Impoiters and Retailers of 

Black and Colored Silks^ Wool Goods^ Women^s 
and Children's Apparel^ Lin ge riet Millinery^ Shoes , 
Linens, Wash Fabrics^ and the other Stocks of a 
High-Cla ss Dry Goods Establishment 

Mail orders receive prompt and efficient attention. 



. . BALTIMORE'S BEST STORE . . 

Howard and Lexington Sts. 

A THOROUGHLY EQUIPPED 
=GENERAL STORE=: 



At the service of 



Wholesale merchants who have unusual 
or " broken lot " orders to fill. 

Retail merchants with orders for goods not 
in their stocks. 

The public generally. 



'*The Store with'an Ideal' 



The newest and best Suits, 
Wraps, Laces, Millinery, Silks, 
Dress Goods, Linens, Domestics, 
Waists, Art Wares, China, Glass- 
ware, Housefornishings, Uphol- 
steries, Boys* Clothing, Books, 
Shoes, Gloves and whatever else 
is wanted 



Joel Gutman & Co. 

112 to 122 N. Eutaw Street 
BALTIMORE .-. MARYLAND 



C \H) W N ( ) I- T 1 1 !■; C 1 1 !•; S A 1' I-, .\ K J- 





"So It IS but in line with her 
record to have Maryland first in 
readiness to receive the throngs 
which came yesterday, and which 
I hope will continue to come until 
t!ie last day of November. 

JScautv ot tbc 
.1Glui^n^t^ 

"This building- speaks for it- 
self and will be the admiration of 
all visitors to these grounds. The 
interior decorations and the furni- 
ture reflect the refined taste, the 
l^ractical judgment and the good 
sense of Maryland women. 

' ' It was a display of wisdom 
upon the part of the men of the 
Commission when they decided to 
leave the supervision of the inside 
adornment to the ladies of the 
advisory board. Their work has 
been more than succe.ssful; it is 
simply admirable. 

" I feel a profound satisfaction 
in accepting these keys, and in 
doing so I want it understood that 




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of the well dressed woman :: :: 



Th« 



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WAIST 



KINGAN'S 



"Rdtable" Brand 



HAMS 



BACON 



LARD 



KINGAN PROVISION CO. 



355 NORTH ST., V BALTIMORE, MD. 



Established 1869 



Incorporated 1906 



C. J. YOUSE CO. 



Manufacturers of 



PAPER BOXES 



In Every Defcription 

,* ,* 

IMPORTERS OF 

CHRISTMAS TREE ORNAMENTS 

NOVELTIES, &c. 

J* J* 

23 and 25 S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Md. 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 




Ruins of thi' 



I approve most unqualifiedly all that has been done by the Commission in the erection and equipment of this building. 

' ' And I now, without delay, do with these keys what any well-trained Maryland gentleman would do under the same 
circumstances — heed the usage, the very proper usage of our State, and place them where they are held in every well- 
regulated home in Maryland. So, Mr.s. Ridgely and ladie.s of the auxiliary committee, I deliver to you this sacred trust. 

"We men of Maryland make mistakes and have our failings, and are weak even when we are strongest, but we 
always feel safe and are perfectly content when the ladies of the household carry the keys. 

" I hand them over to you with my sincere acknowledgments of the great work your committee has done in keeping 
the Commission straight and putting the finishing touches to its w-ork, and with the confident assurance that the cu.stody 
and care of this attractive abiding place could not be under the supervision of five more competent, accomplished and dis- 
tin.guished Maryland ladies, 'to the manner born,' who have in their own lives demonstrated that the charm of Maryland 
homes and the fame of Maryland's hospitality rest upon the .grace and gentle courte.sy of her fair daughters. 

/IC>arv}lan& an& Uirgtnia XEies 

"My friends. I will not <letain you to listen to iiatriotic platitudes which are .so often the sum and substance of 
speeches on occasions like this, but I do ask that you will be patient with me while I briefly narrate the story of the friendly 
relations that have always existed between Maryland and Virginia, and their co-operation in making this .great Republic. 

"The foundation for the cordial relations between these two colonies was laid in 1609, when Lord Baltimore was a 
member of the Virginia Company, and was cemented 20 years later, when he with his wife and children had to abandon 
his colony in Newfoundland because of the rigorous climate of that island and take refuge at Jamestown. 

" Because of his reli.gion he at first met with some hostility, but the best people of the colony were so kind and 
hospitable to him that when he returned to England he left Lady Baltimore and his children in the care of the Virginians. 

" Thus early in the history of the Old Dominion was the character of her people for hospitality estalilished. 

" It may also interest you to know tliat the first Governor of Virginia entertained at Jamestown, 273 years ago, the 
first Ciovernor of Marvland. 



WESTERN MARYLAND R. R. 



To Or From The Great 

Jamestown Exposition 



''t:^:Z^':T^Z!' Westem Maryland Railroad 

Special Cheap Excursion Tickets are on Sale at Norfolk, to 

Gettysburg, Blue Ridge Summit > Buena Vista Springs, Blue Mountai n 

Limited for return to JO days, (tCZ AH 
round trip rate being but >4>>J*WVJ 



For illustrated matter describing the Gettysburg Battlefield or the numerous Mountain 
and Health Resorts located on the W. M. R. R., address 

F. M. HOWELL, Gen'I Pass. Agt., Baltimore, Md. 



'^, 







612 T06I8 W.GERMAN ST. 



WHERE BLOME'S CHOCOLATES AND "GILT EDGE" CONFECTIONS ARE MADE 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 










SS^S^--^^.;-. 



^^ 




iRD's Eyk View ok Exposition and Hampton Roads 



"When the Ark and Dove, bearing Gov. Leonard Calvert and his band of pioneers to make the settlement of Jlary- 
land, reached American waters, their first harbor was Hampton Roads, yonder broad, beautiful and now historic sheet of 
water. 

"The two little vessels, with their freight of adventurous men, after many lonely and weary days upon the great 
ocean— ami it was a lonely age in which to be upon the great sea, for ships were rare, only seen 'from time to time, like 
pilgrims, here and there, crossing the waters' — dropped their anchors over there, opposite Old Point Comfort. 

"The two ships bearing the Maryland pioneers remained in these waters eight days, and it was during that period 
that Governor Calvert visited Jamestown and was entertained by Governor Har\-ey with that gracious and generous 
hospitality for whicli Virginia is still famed. 

Calvcvl Ul£;ltc^ Samcstown 

"In 1656, John Hammond, one of the early chronicltrs of Virginia and Maryland, wrote a description of the two 
colonies, which he designated as 'Leah and Rachel; or. Two Fruitful Sisters — Virginia and Maryland.' 

"Hammond at first settled in Virginia, but, like many in that colony, he was attracted by Lord Baltin;ore's govern- 
ment, having, as he says, 'for 19 years ser\-ed Virginia, the elder .sister, I cast my eye on Marjiand, the youn.ger; grew 
enamored of her beauty, resolving like Jacob, when he had first served for Leah, to begin a fresh service for Rachel.' 

" Many Virginians followed the example of John Hammond and migrated to Maryland. Notably was this the case 
with the Puritans, and we are indebte<l to Virginia for giving us the pro.genilors of many of Maryland's leading families. 
.\fter the Civil War tliousands of Virginians came to Maryland and made their homes amoi:g us. We welcomed them as 
brothers, and today many of them are among our chief and most highly honored cit zens— clergymen, lawyers, teachers, 
ph>sicians, merchants — who have conuibuted greatly to the advancement of their adopted State, to its honor and glory 
and wealth. 

" It will thus be seen that from the beginning down to tl.e present time Virginia and Maryland have been connected, 
not divided, b}- the Potomac river and the Clie.'apeake bay. These broad waters have been tlie highways for the exchange 
of visits between the two peoples and for a stream of commerce of ever-increasing volume. 

' ' Under the old Articles of Confederation each of il;e States was almost a separate power, regulating its own internal 
and external commerce, having the control of all of the navigal le waters within its eoasls and maintaining its own custom 
houses and fixing its own tariffs. 



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T. DAVIS HILL. Vicc-Prcs 
LLOYD G. CORKRAN. Seer 
HARRY J. WIENEKE.Dire, 



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to ilo. Without him the 
)een written, without liis 



/IDarv?lan& anC> Uircjiiua Compact 

"Maryland and Virginia, however, entered into a compact which made them, for purposes of trade, a single State. 

" Before that compact no ship from the ocean could reach a port in Maryland without the consent of Virginia, or 
without complying with the regulations which Virginia might think fit to establish. 

' ' No trader from Maryland could carry his wares to Virginia, and no trader from Virginia could carry his into Mary- 
land without paying the tariff tax which might be imposed, respectively, by the two States. 

" In order to preserve that harmony which it is equally the interest of the two States to cultivate, the Legislatures 
of Maryland and Virginia appointed commissioners to agree upon terms of mutual trade and good-fellowship as neighbors. 

"Maryland appointed as her commissioners three of her most eminent citizens— Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, 
Thomas Stone and Samuel Chase. 

" Virginia appointed Alexander Henderson and George Mason, the distinguished author of the first written declara- 
tion of the rights of the people that was ever penned by human hands, the Bill of Rights, which was afterward embodied 
in substance in the Declaration of Independence, in the Constitution of the United States and in the Constitution of Mary- 
land — and, I believe, in the Constitutions of all of the States of the I'nion. 

/IDabe Compact of 1785 

" Upon the invitation of George Washington these commissioners met at Mount Vernon and there formulated the 
Compact of 1785, which is still binding as the highest law upon the two States. 

" By that compact Maryland acquired the free navigation of the Chesapeake, free trade was established between the 
two States, and Virginia acquired concurrent jurisdiction over the Potomac, a river which belonged exclusively to Maryland. 

" The discussions and consultations growing out of these matters brought about stupendous results, for out of them 
came the first conference looking to the establishment of a more permanent union between the States, which was held at 
Annapolis in the old Senate chamber, of which this room is a reproduction. 

"This conference inaugurated the movement that resulted in the convention which met in I'liiladelphia in 17S7 and 
framed the Constitution of the United States, 

" In shaping these events the greatest of Virginians, the greatest of Americans, had n 
Constitution of the United States, as we have it, would not have been written, and hav 
influence would not have been adopted. 

" On the soil of Maryland the crowning act of a great military career was enacted when at Annapolis, on December 
23, 1783, in the old Senate chamber, of which this room is a counterpart, Washington finally sheathed his sword and 
returned to Congress his commission as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. 

potent ifactor ffor (BooCt 

"We should feel a just pride in the fact that the spirit which aniniatcil the founders of Maryland and the fathers of 
the Republic survives today in their 
descendants, and that the influence of 
that same spirit in the sons of those 
patriots has been potent for good in 
l)oth Maryland and Virginia. 

"And it is a significant fact that 
the leading men who have served 
these two States as Governors, United 
States Senators and in other high 
places, have, with but few exceptions, 
had this inheritance. 

' ' The same can be said of the 
Presidents of the United States. Every 
one of them has had the blood of the 
founders of the nation in his veins. 

' ' Let us dedicate ourselves today 
to the work before us, and let us all 
unite in the determination to keep 
JLaryland in the forefront until the 
close of this Exposition. 

"The doors of this building will 
be kept wide open to welcome visitors 
from every State, every country, every 
clime, so that the fame of Maryland's 
greatness and the courtesy and hos- 
pitality of her people may be carried 
to every corner of the world." Monument 




nDav\>lanb's TRecorb anb TRcsouvces 

From the Maryland Geological Survey 

^■'■<21^.^^^^E STATE OF MARYLAND is the most Northern of the Southern States, and is 
^ q-r ^5 situated between the parallels 37" 53' and 39° 44' north latitude, and the meridians 75" 
1^ ^ 4' and 79" 30' west longitude, the exact position of the western boundary' being still 

^t<^^>i^ undetermined. 

Sije 

The extreme width of the State from east to west is 240 miles, and the extreme length from north 
to south 125 miles; thelattei, however, narrowing towards the West where it becomes less than two 
miles at Hancock. Beyond this point it again broadens, although narrowing again at Cumberland 
to five miles. The total area within the limits of the State is estimated at 12,210 square miles, of which 
9,S91 square miles are land. The remaining 2,319 square miles are water, distributed as follows: 
Chesapeake Bay, 1,203 ; Chincoteague Bay, 93 ; smaller estuaries and streams, 1,023 square miles. 

Counties 

Maryland is divided into twenty-three counties and Baltimore City, of which Garrett, Allegany, 
Washington and the western part of Frederick comprise the mountainous region known as Western 
Maryland; the eastern part of Frederick, Carroll, Montgomery, Howard, Baltimore and Harford, and 
the western part of Cecil the Piedmont area, which is also referred to under the name of Northern-Cen- 
tral Maryland; Anne Arundel, Prince George's, Calvert, Charles and St. Mary's, commonly called 
Southern Maryland; and the eastern part of Cecil, Kent, Queen Anne's, Talbot, Caroline, Dorchester, 
Wicomico, Somerset and Worcester, known as Eastern Maryland. Of these twenty-three Counties all 
but seven lie upon navigable waters. 

The earliest settlers in Maryland were Englishmen, whose descendants are now scattered all 
over the State, and comprise the leading element in the population. Many of the early settlers in the 
country adjacent to Pennsylvania were of German extraction, and their descendants are today numerous 
and influential. 

■Hnvestioations from IS80 to ©rGani3ation of present 
State Geological Surrcv? 

The organization of the Johns Hopkins University in 1876 inaugurated a new period of scientific 
activity in Maryland that has meant much for the material advancement of the State. The authorities 
from the start recognized the importance of a thorough study of the physical characteristics of the 
region adjacent to Baltimore as well as the State. The organization of the Chesapeake Zoological 
Laboratory in the summer of 1S78 under the immediate charge of Dr. W. K. Brooke marked the begin- 
ning of systematic work in this direction. A close association with the Maryland Fish Commission 
was affected, and in 1879 the Laboratory was stationed at Crisfield where an excellent opportunity was 
afforded for the special study of the oyster bed of the Chesapeake. The result of this work was subse- 
quently published as a report of the Maryland Fish Commission in a volume entitled '"The Development 
of the American Oyster." 

The Geological Department was organized in 1883 when Dr. George H. Williams began his 
connection with the institution as an instructor in mineralogy. His appointment marks the beginning 
of a period of investigation of the geology and mineral resources of the State that has been carried on 
by his associates and successors continuously until the present day. It is certainly not claiming too 
much to say that this period is by far the most important in the study of the physical features of 
Maryland. 

Almost from the first the members of the Geological Department have carried on their investiga- 
tions in close co-operation with the United States Geological Survey and frequently as members of its 
staff. The results obtained have received wide publicity and have greatly benefited the State. 



HE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 




ViKw From Wharf ok Old Point Comkort 

Unvestiflation of present State (Beolootcal Survey, 1896 to H)ate 

The Maryland Geological Survey was inaugurated in 1896 by the passage of an act of the 
General Assembly entitled "An act to establish a State Geological and Economic Survey, and to make 
provision for the preparation and publication of reports and maps to illustrate the natural resources of 
the State, together with the necessary investigations preparatory thereto." In 1898 and again in 190+ 
further acts were passed adding to the scope of the work as originally contemplated. The investigations 
now cover a wide variety of subjects including topograjihy, geology, agricultural soils, climate, hydro- 
graphy, terrestrial magnetism and forestry, as well as highway engineering. Reports covering all these 
subjects are issued from time to time as desirable material is collected. Ten volumes and many maps 
have already been published. 

pb^siocn'apbY? 

The State of Maryland forms a portion of the Atlantic vSlope which stretches from the crest of 
the AUeghanies to the sea, and which is divided into three more or less sharply defined regions known 
as the Coastal Plain, the Piedmont Plateau and the Appalachian Region. These three districts follow 
the Atlantic border of the United States in three belts of varying width from New England southward 
to the Gulf. Maryland is, therefore, closely related in its physiographic features to the States which 
lie to the north and south of it, while its central location on the Atlantic border renders the Maryland 
section perhaps the most characteristic in this broad tract. In crossing the three districts from the 
ocean border the country rises at first gradually and then more rapidly until it culminates in the high- 
lands of the western portion of the State. 

Matenvavs 

The post-Lafayette and the post-Pleistocene submergences of the Coastal Plain have been of 
immense benefit to the inhabitants of Maryland. As a result of the drowning of the Susquehanna River 
ocean-going vessels are admitted as far inland as Georgetown, D. C, Baltimore, Havre de Grace and 
Chesapeake City. Valuable harbors also are provided, so that much commerce has been attracted to 
Maryland shores. Besides interstate and international trade which is thus favored by the configuration 







J 1 




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General Offices, LIGHT and GERMAN STREETS, BALTIMORE, MD. 

"FINEST COASTWISE TRIPS IN THE WORLD." 



54 THE CROWN OF THK CHESAPEAKE 

of Chesapeake Bay with its deep exit to the high seas, trade within the State is greatly benefited by 
these waterways. That geologically recent submergence, whereby the river valleys carved in post- 
Pleistocence times were drowned for more than half their length, gave to the inhabitants of the Coastal 
Plain the most favorable facilities for easy and cheap transportation of their crops. The estuaries then 
formed are the entrances to tidal .streams that penetrate into the very heart of the rich lands. They are 
generally of sufScient depth to admit the light draught steamers plying on the waters of Chesapeake 
Bay and the numerous wharves which are encountered on ascending any one of the navigable creeks 
testify to the readiness with which the people have availed themselves of their natural opportunities. 
In the proper season these wharves may be .seen piled high with crates of fruit and other products 
which are being sent to Baltimore for distribution among the neighboring States. 

Besides thus affording easy paths of intercourse with other important sections of the vState the 
estuaries yield peculiar and characteristic products of their own. The same streams, which during the 
summer, are the arteries and highways of a commerce based on the product of the soil, become in 
winter the fields of one of Maryland's greatest industries — the 03'ster fisheries. Great quantities of 
these oysters are annually sent to Baltimore, and their gathering has given rise to a race of hardy 
fishermen and expert sailors only excelled by the cod-fishers who sail every j^ear to the great banks of 
Newfoundland. The oyster canning industry, whereby the interior of the continent is supplied with 
canned oysters has also risen as an indirect result of the post-Pleistocene submergence. The diamond- 
back terrapin, the duck and the other wild fowl of the littoral marshes also de.serve a place among the 
list of resources which the geographic history of the province has bestowed upon this State. 

Xlbc ll^ic^mont ipiatcau 

The Piedmont Plateau, which is the name applied to the hilly country that borders the Coastal 
Plain on the west and extends thence to the foot of the Appalachian Mountains, is a low plateau of 
complex origin whose rolling surface is traversed by highlands and cut by valleys that at times trench 
the uplands as deep gorges. From the fact that the physiographic features of the Appalachian region 
which lies to the westward are contemporaneous in origin with those of the Piedmont Plateau it is reas- 
onable to suppose that no sharp line can be drawn between the two districts. The boundary can in fact 
with almost equal propriety be placed at the foot of North Mountain as at the foot of the Catoctin 
Mountain, although all things considered, it has seemed best in Maryland to divide the two regions at 
the ])oint where the first pronounced mountain range is reached. 

To the northward the Catoctin and Blue Ridge highlands, with their South Mountain extension 
in Southern Pennsjdvania, gradually decline to the level of the lower plateau, and the surface of the 
Piedmont hill country, with higher lands of inconspicuous elevation, extends to the foot of the Allegany 
ranges. To the southward, on the other hand, the great valley is less pronounced, and the highlands 
of the Blue Ridge become a conspicuous part of the great Appalachian region. In the South, also, the 
name Piedmont has become so widely intrenched in usage for the district lying to the eastward of the 
Blue Ridge Mountains that it has seemed best to follow the same usage in Maryland. 

IWatural TResources ot tbe appalacbians 

The resources of the Appalachians are varied and valuable. The early settlers found the moun- 
tains clothed with dense forests of pine and hard wood, but they lacked the means for transporting the 
lumber to a ready market. Even now, with a canal and several railroads, the cost of hauling from the 
forest to the point of shipment is so great as seriously to reduce the profits of the lumbering trade. 

The many varieties of soils in the Appalachians are closely related to the geological formations, 
and their distributions are clearly influenced by the geological structure. Since most of the higher hills 
and sharp ridges are due to the presence of heavy beds of silicious sandstone, the soils of the upper 
slopes are generally sandy and poor. Beneath these strata come beds of shales, which are sometimes 
calcareous, so that the lower slopes, hills, and subsequent valleys contain soil which, while somewhat 
ston3', gives fair yields in wheat, corn, etc. 



J. GEORGE MOHLHENRICH 



GEORGE G. MOHLHENRICH, Secretar 



THE RELIABLE FURNITURE ^ 
^= MANUFACTURING CO. "^ 




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FOR THE TRADE ONLY=^ 



SALESROOMS: 

Lexington Ave. and 43rd St., New York. 
13 19 Michigan Avenue, . . Chicago, III. 
303 and 305 President St., Baltimore, Md. 
and Neillsville, Wisconsin. 



PRESIDENT AND FAWN STREETS, BALTIMORE, MD. 

See Exhibit at Iho Jamestown Exposition— Inside Main Entrance 



GEORGE SPINDLER 



MANUFACTURER OF 



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CHURCH AND LODGE FURNITURE A SPECIALTY 

608 and 6 JO W. Pratt Street, - - BALTIMORE, MD. 

^r^=^=^ ALSO =^^=^== 





Distributor of Marion Iron and Brass 
Bed Co.'s Line 

OF 

MARION, INDIANA 



TRADE MARK 

S a n i "t a i r e 

Iron Beds Th'MW? $2 to $25 



56 THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

The great valley, witli its rich limestone soil and easy means of access from the North and South, 
forms a broad band of the most fertile lands in the State. If it had not been for the re-elevation of the 
Shenandoah plain this district would be most favorable to farming-. As it is, the rolling surface and 
steep valley slopes are somewhat difficult to till with ease. The land is so rich, however, that the whole 
stretch of the valley is or might be under cultivation. 




J,,h: 



/IDiucrals 



The mineral resources of Maryland have yielded a great variety of ]iroducts, some of which afford 
the basis for important commercial enterprises, while others give promise of prospective value. Many 
of the Maryland minerals have been worked since the early colonial days, especially the brick clays and 
the iron carbonate. The Maryland coal deposits also early discovered have been the basis of an impor- 
tant industry for more than half a century. Still other mineral products have been developed within 
quite recent years, the annual value of the Maryland mineral output being steadily on the increase The 
ancient crystalline rocks confined for the most part to the Piedmont region between the Catoctin Moun- 
tains and the Chesapeake, have afforded the most varied mineral substances. Here occur the most 
important building stones — the slates of Delta and Ijamsville, the granite of Port Deposit, Woodstock, 
Ellicott City and Guildford; the gneiss of Baltimore, the marble of Cockeysville and Texas, the crys- 
talline limestone of Westminster, and the serpentine of Cardiff, Broad Creek, and Bare Hills. In these 
oldest rocks occur also the ores of gold, copper, chrome, lead, and zinc. Iron ore is also found here, 
while all the flint, feldspar, kaolin and mica in the State must be sought for in these rocks. These older 
rocks also appear in the Blue Ridge district, where they form the Middletown Valley, and have yielded 
traces of copper, antimony, and iron. 

Coals 



The coal deposits of Maryland are confined to western Allegany and Garrett counties, and consti- 
tute a part of the great Appalachian coal field, which covers a portion of Pennsylvania, Maryland, 



-LOYD L. JACKSON. Pr( 



HENRY M. WARFIELD, Vice-Pr, 



R. E. LEE MARSHALL. Sec. and Tr 



The southern INVESTMENT 
AND SECURITY COMPANY 

INCORPORATED UNDER THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND 

Acts as Agent and Broker in All Lines of Business 



BOARD OF DIRECTORS 
Murray Vandiver, Havre de Grace, Md. Thos. H. Robinson, Belair, Md. Thornton Rollins, Baltimore, Md. 

Henry M. Warfield, Baltimore, Md. Joseph C. Whitney, Baltimore, Md. 

R. E. L. Marshall, Baltimore, Md. Walter R. Towsend, Towson, Md. Geo. F. Randolph, Baltimore, Md. 

Frederick A. Savage, Baltimore, Md. Lloyd L. Jackson, Baltimore, Md. 



Henry M. Warfield, Chaii 



EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 
George F. Randolph Frederick A. Savage, Secretary 



BUYS AND SELLS LIFE INSURANCE 

Room 501 Continental Building BALTIMORE, MD. 

Baltimore is the leading 
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58 THE C R O W X F T H E CHESAPEAKE 

Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Kentncky, Tennessee and Alabama. Throughout the western portion 
of this field the rocks with their contained coal beds lie nearly horizontal, but to the eastward low folds 
that gradually increase in intensity are developed until the " cone-shaped " basins of Central Pennsyl- 
vania, Western Maryland, and Eastern West Virginia are reached. As a result of this increased fold- 
ing eastward the coals have been metamorphosed through heat and pressure, with a relative reduction 
in the amount of volatile carbon, the coals gradually changing from the soft bituminous varieties with 
a further change to the hard anthracite still farther eastward in the anthracite field of Pennsylvania. In 
general the coal beds are thickest along the ea.stern margin of the field and thin westward. Many of 




II SL K( 1 ON 



the coal seams can be traced continuoush' over thousands of square miles, while others have only a 
local development. 

The Maryland coals belong to the group of semi-bituminous coals, and possess great value for 
steam and smithing purposes. They are used extensively as fuel for locomotives, steamboats and fac- 
tories, finding a ready market in Baltimore, New York, and elsewhere along the Atlantic border. 

The Maryland coals occur in five basins, known as the Georges Creek basin, the Upper Potomac 
basin, the Castleman basin, the lower Youghiogheny basin, and the Upper Youghiogheny basin. The 
present production of coal for the market is almost exclusively confined to the first two basins. The far 
greater prominence of the Georges Creek has led to the application of the name "Georges Creek 
Coal " to most of the coal shipped from the State. Until within recent years ]iractically all of this coal 
came from the Pittsburg seam, or "Big Vein," but the gradual exhaustion of this wonderful seam 
has led to the exploitation with most satisfactory results of many of the " small veins," both above and 
below the chief seam. There is unquestionably a great future for these smaller seams in Maryland, 
especially in the Upper Potomac basin iu southern Garrett county, where they reach their greatest thick- 
ness. The total amount of coal in these small veins exceed many fold that originallj' contained in the 
"Big Vein." 



MINOR C KEITH. Pr, 



H. D. BUSH, Vice-President and Manager 



BALTIMORE BRIDGE COMPANY 

BUSH STREET AND B. & O. R. R., BALTIMORE, MD. 




PIER 8- B. & O. R. R., LOCUil 1 ulN 



"FORM THE GOOD HABIT OF SAVING- 

Maryland */ Savings */ Bank 

S. W. Cor. Baltimore and Commerce Sts. 



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IN YOUTH when your earning power is good 
make it a rule to deposit a part of your wages 
each pay-day in the Savings Bank. 

WASTED pennies, nickels and dimes, when 
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WE DO NOT wish to criticise anybody's faults 
or shortcomings, but for the good of all — no 
matter in what station of life thev may be — we 
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OFFICERS : 

DANIEL CLOUD. President 
SUMMERFIELD BALDWIN. Vice-President 
WILLIAM W. CLOUD. Treasurer 

RJCHARD M. DUVALL. Attomey 

DIRECTORS: 

Daniel Cloud Summcrficld Baldwin Joseph D. Chesr 

Honrarf T. Williams Theodore Mottu Horace Burrough 

J. Allxrt Hughes J. Ross Diegs Richard M. DuvaU 

J. ST Rawlings WilSam W. Cloud 



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Saturday, 10 A. M. to 8 P. M. 

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Received 




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Central Savings Bank 



^ OF BALTIMORE 



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3'. PER CENT. INTEREST 



60 THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

The most important of the seams after the Pittsburg, or " Big Vein," are the Upper Sewickley, 
the Bakerstowii, the Upper Freeport, and the middle and lower Kittanning, all of which are being 
successfully mined at the present time. 

Although coal was discovered in the Georges Creek as early as 1782, the first eastern shipments 
from the Maryland Coal district were not made until 1830, when small amounts were transported by 
barges down the Potomac river. The first company was incorporated in 1836. Since the construction 
of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, in 1842, and of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, in 1850, the output 
from the Maryland mines has very rapidly increased, and more than thirty companies are now engaged 
in the mining of coal. 

The average value of the output of the Maryland coal mines in recent years has amounted to 
55.500,000 annually. 




oramtcs 

The regions in Maryland where the granite and gneiss are most extensively worked are at Port 
Deposit, in Cecil county; in the \icinity of Baltimore: at Woodstock, in Baltimore county; and at Ellicott 
City and Guilford, in Howard county. Other areas in Howard and Montgomery counties, and in the 
District of Columbia contain some good stone, but is there quarried only for local use. 

Port Deposit — The Maryland granite, which is perhaps best known outside of the limits of the 
State, is that quarried in the vicinity of Port Deposit. This town is situated on the Susquehanna river, 
three miles above its mouth, at Havre de Grace. It is one of the principal towns of Cecil county, and 
has good railroad connections with Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington and Harrisburg. It is possible 
also for light crafts to ascend the Susquehanna as far as the town and receive their loads directly from 
the quarry-. The value of the granites of this area was early recognized, and the rock was used by the 
settlers for the foundation of some of the oldest colonial dwellings. 



THE CROWX OF THE CHESAPEAKE 6L 

The industry arising from the quarrying of the rock is, however, of somewhat later orioi,,. 
The Port Deposit granite is cut by several series of joints or parting planes which are so situated 
as to greatly facilitate the extraction of blocks of any desired size. Texturallv the stone is marked bv 
an indefinite lamination indicted by the shreds and flakes of black mica. In color the rock is light 
bluish gray, which in buildings gives a bright fresh appearance at first, and then gradually becomes, 
somewhat darker through an accumulation of the dust and dirt of the atmosphere. Such a darkening^ 
produces a mellowed tone in the buildings which gives a pleasing effect. Chemicallv and physically 
this granite is very durable. The chemical and mineralogical analyses show no constituents easily 
removed by the weather, while the tests on its crushing strength (over 20,000 pounds per square inch) , 
its absorption (0.19-0.25), and freezing thoroughly establish its durability under any circumstances to. 
which it may be subjected. 

Near Frenchtown, a few miles south of Port Deposit, is another body of granite similarly situated. 
Here the rock is of the same general character, but the small quarry opened in it has never been very 
highly developed. Other ma.sses of similar granite, less favorably situated for commercial purposes, 
may be found on either side of the Susquehanna in the neighborhood of Port Deposit. 

Ellicott City— The Ellicott City granite area consists of an irregular L-shaped mass, which 
has an extreme length of about five miles in an east and west direction, and a breadth varying from 
one-half to two miles. The quarries of Ellicott City are located on either side of the Patapsco River in 
Baltimore and Howard Counties, and the rock on which they occur extends on the eastern side of the 
Patapsco as far east as Ilchester, but on the western side only as far as Gray's Siding. The material on 
the Baltimore County or eastern side is a fine grained rock with a decided foliation of gneissic structure. 
On the opposite side of the river in Ellicott City itself it is more uniform and granitic. Here it also 
has a porphyritic structure in consequence of the development of large flesh-colored crystals of feldspar 
which are disseminated somewhat irregularly through the rock. The time of opening these quarries 
dates back probably into the last of the eighteenth century, but the details of their development are 
entirely wanting. 

The opportunities for shipment and drainage are good. Those of the Ellicott City quarry are 
seldom excelled, as the opening is in the side of a hill so close to the tracks of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad (main stem) that cars may be loaded simply by turning the derrick boom. 

Probably no area of granite within the State shows so great variation in the texture and character 
of the rocks as that about Ellicott City. In the quarries on the eastern side of the river the rock 
appears quite schistose and homogeneous, and practically lacking in porphyritic crystals. Through it 
is scattered large patches of segregations of the darker minerals, which give to the rock the somewhat 
somber effect displayed by the Baltimore Cathedral These patches do not weaken the rock, though 
they render the stone less attractive. On the other side of the river the stone has a distinctly porphy- 
ritic character, which gives to it a mottled effect. The increased amount of feldspar brightens the rock 
and the distribution of the crystals adds detailed variety to the structure in which it is used. 

Woodstock — Perhaps the best granite in Maryland for general building purposes is that which 
is found in the small area in the southwestern corner of Baltimore County near the railroad station of 
Woodstock, Howard County. Within this area, near the quarries, is the small town of Granite, which 
was formerly known as Waltersville. The granite mass forms a more or less oval, isolated area 
extending scarcelj' two miles northeast and southwest and a mile northwest, and southeast. Although 
so small, it is one of the most important economic areas within the State. The most striking feature 
of these quarries is the sharp demarkation of the systems of vertical and horizontal joints which are so 
prominent and so regular as to give the impression of C5xlopean masonry. 

The chemical composition and appearance of the rock are very satisfactory, -and the physical 
tests on the crushing strength (20,000 pounds per square inch), absorption (0.23-0.25), and freezing 
show the rock to be all that could be desired for strength and durability. 

The quarries about Baltimore are grouped around two centers, Jones Falls and Gwynns Falls, 
on the northern and western sides of the city, the location being determined by the facilities afforded by 
the shape of the country for opening and working the quarries on a horizontal plane. This method of 
working decreases the cost of handling the stone, avoids any expense or difficulty because of water^ 



62 THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

and often furnishes a convenient and cheap dumping ground away from the rock bed which may be 
worked iu the future. 

Smaller quarries are found at different points within the Piedmont where the gneiss is worked to 
meet the local demand for foundations, crushed stone, etc. 

The average value for the annual output of granites and gneisses in the State is about $800,000. 

Garbles 

The marbles of Maryland have been known for their great value in building and monumental 
work since the beginning of the last century. They are confined to that portion of Maryland composed 
of the highly crystalline rocks of the Piedmont plateau. Those which are being worked at the present 
time occur in Baltimore County. 

Marbles of Baltimore County— The chief quarries are located at Cockeysville and Texas, 
on the Northern Central Railway, about fifteen miles from Baltimore, and are separated from each other 
by a distance of a mile and a half. Although situated so close together and presenting but part of a 
single formation in the same valley, the quarries expose rocks showing many differences in composi- 
tion, purity, coarseness of grain and texture, which have developed different industries in the two 
places. The rock at Texas is a coarse-grained marble of nearly pure carbonate of lime suitable for use 
as a flux or fertilizer, while that at Cockeysville is a finer-grained dolomitic marble, rich in magnesium 
and well adapted for building and decorative purposes. 

The most interesting building material in the Stale of Maryland is called the "Potomac Marble," 
"Calico Rock," or "Potomac Breccia," which has been used occasionally for the greater portion of a 
century. The chief interest in this rock arises from the fact that, as stated by Merril, it is "the only 
true conglomerate or breccia marble that has ever been utilized to any extent in the United States." 

The conglomerate is found in several places along the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge, and has 
been quarried near Washington Junction, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The quarries are small 
affairs, which have been operated spasmodically. The one most actively operated is located about a 
mile east of the Washington Junction Station. 

This rock was first brought into notice by Mr. B. H. Latrobe, superintending architect in the 
construction and repair of the Capitol and White House before and after the War of 1812. The 
columns which were then procured are still standing in the old House of Representatives, now used as 
Statuary Hall. The quarries whence they were obtained have never been fully developed, although 
Mr. Latrobe thought that he had found in the newly discovered marble of the Potomac an inexhaustible 
resource of the most beautiful building materials easily accessible by water. 

Serpentine, or "Verde Antique," has been quarried in Maryland for many years, but the annual 
production has always remained small. As this rock enters into competition with some of the marble 
for interior decoration it has been frequently classed as a marble, although as far as the Maryland 
deposits are concerned it is in no wise related to the marble, however intimately interwoven with calcite 
veins it may be. The deposits are found in Cecil, Harford, Baltimore. Howard and Montgomery 
Counties, where they have been worked to a greater or less extent in the hope of obtaining good 
material for general building or interior decoration. 

Slater 

The slate produced in the quarries of the Peachbottom district of Maryland and Pennsylvania is 
the most widely known structural material manufactured within the limits of the State. Unfortunately 
Maryland has received little credit for its share in the industry although almost all of the productive 
quarries are situated within its limits. This apparent injustice has arisen from the fact that the 
shipping point for most of the quarries and the residence of many of the operators is Delta, Pennsyl- 
vania, a town lying at the foot of the Ridge which supplies the stock for the manufacture of slate. 
Delta is much larger and better known than its Maryland associate, Cardiff, from which it is only 
separated bj- the State boundary. 



AMERICAN DISTRIBUTING CO. 



A. L. WEBB & SONS' BRANCH 

JJ5 and 117 East Lombard Street 

BALTIMORE, MB. = 



ALCOHOL 



COLOGNE AND 



VELVET SPIRITS 



•THE- 




-THE WORLD'S BEST- 



WM. KNABE & CO. 

New York London Berlin Baltimore Washington 



W THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

Clat»5 

Clays suitable tor the manafacture of common brick are widely distribnted thronghont the State. 
Brick-making began in Southern Maryland in colonial days, scattered references to the industry being- 
tonnd in the earliest records. It is evident that practically all of the common brick employed foi- 
building purposes in colonial days was made at the local brick yards. 

The pottery clays include materials showing a wide range of composition. The clays suitable 
for the manafacmre of stoneware are to be found at many points in the Patapsco formation, especially 
in Cecil County. At the base of the Patapsco formation in the same county there is often a bed of 
blnish-gray, very plastic stoneware clay. Aside from these Cecil County stoneware clays the most 
important are those outcropping along the shore of the Chesapeake from Bodkin Point southward. 




Clays suitable for the manufactnie of yellow ware are to be found at a number of points in the 
Arundel formation and also in the Columbia, both of these formations being extensively drawn npon 

bv the vellow and Rockingham ware manufactorers of Baltimore. 



Ximestoncs 

The limiestone and marble deposits of Maryland have been extensively burned for building and 
agriculttiral pnrposes. In the earlier days the burning of lime was carried on largely over the State 
but in later times, since the introduction of phosphates and the improvemaits of transportation facilities 
the old qnarries and kilns scattered so wildly over the country have been for the most part abandoned 
There are still several large industries in the marble belt in the Piedmont area and in the Blue Lime 
stcmes of the Frederick and Hagerstown Valleys, supplying lime for agricultural purposes, especially 
in the Frederick Valley. Many of the largest companies now located in Maryland are deriving their 
supply from more favorably situated deposits outside of the State. 



. • . Baltimore . . . 
Copper Smelting and Rolling Company 

Smelters and Refiners of 

COPPER 

Matte, Bullion, Etc. 

Electrolytic Copper, ( VJ) 

Sheet Copper, Sulphate of Copper 



Office, KEYSER BUILDING works at canton 

BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. 



F. DEFORD, President THOS. DEFORD, Vice President 

H, HOUGH, Secretary 



The DEFORD COMPANY 



-TANNERS OF- 



Scoured Oak Backs and Belting Butts 

BALTIMORE, MD, 



PURE CHESTNUT OAK BARK— NO EXTRACT USED 



66 THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

Another use to which the limestone in the State has been applied in recent j'ears has been in the 
manufacture of asphalt blocks for street paving. These blocks are constructed of crushed and pulver- 
ized limestone, trididad asphalt, and a residum of petroleum heated separately' and thoroughly mixed 
and then combined under heavy pressure. These blocks have been used extensively in Washington 
and Baltimore in recent years. 

Cbrome 

The chrome industry in Maryland originated in the discovery in 1827 of chrome ore in the ser- 
pentine of the bare hills of Baltimore County. Subsequently to that other deposits were found asso- 
ciated with the serpentine in Cecil and Harford Counties, as well as at other points in Baltimore 
County. Between 1828 and 1850 Baltimore supplied most of the chrome ore consumed by the world, 
the remainder coming from the serpentine and platinum washings of the Ural Mountains. After 1850 
the foreign demand for Baltimore ore declined gradually until 1860. since which time almost none has 
been shipped abroad. The reason for this was the discovery in 1848 of great deposits of chromite in 
Asia Minor. 

/Il5arv»lauc> 

Stretching as it does from tide water to mountain crest and including the full range of geological 
formations, from the most ancient to the most recent, the State of Maryland presents an exceptional 
diversity of climate and of soils. Its agriculture possibilities have not been developed to their full 
capacity. Consequently the State presents favorable opportunities to the well-trained, hard working 
farmer of either small or large capital. He may locate in a selected region and devote his energies to 
the production of certain special crops with which he is especially familiar or he may locate elsewhere 
and follow general farming, .stock-raising, or dairying. If the raising of fruit constitutes his specialty, 
the northern and western regions present advantages for apple culture or for peach raising. Some of 
the best opportunities existing at present in the United States for specialized intensive agriculture are 
to be found in Maryland within easy reach of the great markets of Baltimore and Washington. For 
the home seeker no more pleasant surroundings can be found than on the old plantations of the tide- 
water region, where the products of the water are almost as accessible as those of the land ; or in the 
rolling plateau region of Northern Central Maryland, where well tilled fields and hoarded groves of 
timber checker the landscape and the topography is relieved by low, rounded hills and shallow valleys. 
The limestone valleys can only be equalled in fertility by other lim2stone valleys or by the] broad 
prairies of the corn belt. The western mountain and plateau region is in some part still awaiting 
development, although its pioneers have demonstrated its agricultural capabilities. 

The climate of Maryland is controlled not only by the general meteorological conditions that 
effect the whole eastern seaboard but by the physical features of the State itself. The Chesapeake Bay 
and its tributaries in the east, and the Appalachian mountains in the west, producing a marked influence 
upon the distribution of temperature and rainfall in the several counties. 

The normal annual temperature for Maryland is between 53° and 54". The principal modifying 
influences that determine the departure from this normal, in the various climatic divisions of the State, 
are latitude, water areas, and elevation. The highest normal annual temperatures are found over the 
extreme southern counties of the Eastern and Western Shores. The influence of the bay causes an 
appreciable, but not very decided increase in annual temperatures along either side as compared with 
the level land areas closely adjoining. Over these latter areas the temperatures are very much the 
same, and differ but slightly from the normal for the entire State. The lowest normal annual tempera- 
tures occur in the western part of Garrett County, where they range from 46° at stations on the higher 
mountain ridges to 48° in the plateau region lying to the north. Eastward from these higher elevations 
the increase in temperature is very rapid with the descent towards sea-level ; a normal annual of 52° is 
reached in the western part of Allegany County, and an approach very nearly to the State normal is 
found in some of the valley depressions. Annual temperatures of 52° or below prevail over the northern 
portion of the Piedmont Plateau, and thence increase gradually towards the normal conditions found 
southward over the interior. In the extreme Southern section of the State the annual temperature 
rises to about 59'. 



H. BEALMEAR & COMPANY 




BOTH PHONES 



CLOCKS 

BRONZES 

CUT GLASS 

COMMUNITY 
SILVER 

ART 
NOVELTIES 




25 W. Baltimore Street 



Formerly 25 South Charles Slrce 



BALTIMORE, MD. 



Lyon, Conklin 
& Co. 

BALTIMORE, MD. 

MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN 

TIN PLATE . > 
AND METALS 

ALL KINDS ROOFING MATERLALS 



Including Roll, both Galvanized and Black Painted. 

Corrugated, both Galvanized and Black Painted. 

All grades Tin, in rolls and boxes. 

Eave Trough, Conductor Pipe, Etc. 



B, C. Bibb Stove Co. 



MANUFACTURERS OF 




FIRE PLACE HEATERS 
HOT AIR FURNACES 



Established 185 X 



101 to 109 LIGHT ST. 
BALTIMORE, MD. 



T H J' C R O W N () K T H ]•; CHESAPEAKE 




Henrietta M.' 



The Baltimore Steam 
. ♦ Packet Company ♦ ♦ 

(OLD BAY LINEi 


Chesapeake 
Steamship Company 

CHESAPEAKE LINE 

Elegant passenger steamers "Columbia" and 
" Augusta " between Baltimore, Old Point Comfort and 
Norfolk. 

Steamers leave daily except Sunday. 

During the Jamestown Exposition period, day 
steamers will be operated, leaving Baltimore daily except 
Sunday at 7.30 A. M. 

YORK RIVER LINE 

United States mail and passenger steamers "Char- 
lotte " and "Baltimore" between Baltimore, West 
Point and Richmond. Steamers leave daily except 
Sunday. 

For full information, illustrated Jamestown book, 
folders and schedules, apply to E. T. Lamb, G. A.. 
Norfolk, Va.; W. W. Croxton, T. P. A., Norfolk, Va.; 
C. W. Westbury, D. P. A., Richmond, Va-; or at 
general offices. Light and Lee Streets, Baltimore, Md. 

REUBEN FOSTER, General Manager 
E. J. CHISM, T. H. McDANNEL, 

Gen. Pass. Agt. Asst. Gen. Pass. Agt. 


In addition to its Night Steamers which run between 
Baltimore, Old Point, Norfolk and Portsmouth daily 
except Sunday, leaving Baltimore 6.30 P. M., have 
placed the Elegant Steamer Georgia on the Dav line 
between Baltimore, Old Point and Norfolk, a tri-weekly 
service will be in operation, leaving Baltimore, Pier 10, 
Light St., foot of Barre St., Mondays, Wednesdays and 
Fridays, 7.30 A. M. Returning will leave Norfolk 
Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays at 7.30 A. M. This 
affords an opportunity of seeing the Bay by day, which 
should be appreciated by the traveling public, as the Bay is 
an inland sea, all the pleasures of a miniature sea trip are 
experienced without any danger. Comfort, speed and 
safety are special features. A regular meal is served at the 
moderate charge, viz.: Breakfast, 50c., Dinner, 75c., 
Supper, 75c. In addition there is a Buffet Service. 

Fare one way $2.00. Round trip $3.50 with a limit 
of 30 days. State rooms at regular prices can be secured 
from the Purser. 

The Fare on the Night Steamers one way $3 00, 
round trip $5.00, with a limit of 30 days. Meals are 
•• A La Carte." State rooms range in price 75c., $1.00, 
51.50, $2.00, $2.50. These can be secured at any of the 
offices of this Company or on board steamer. 


North German Lloyd 
Steamship Company 

From 

Baltimore to Bremen Direct 

Regular Steamers Every Wednesday 


Cable Address. "National" A. B. C. and Watfcim' Codes used 

Baker -Whiteley 
Coal Company.. 


COLLIERY PROPRIETORS 


From New York to Bremen 

Via Plymouth and Cherbourg 

Fast Express Steamers Every Tuesday 

Regular Steamers Every Thursday 

From New York to Genoa 

Via Gibralter, Naples, Etc. 
Regular Steamers Every Saturday 


508 510 Keyser Bldg., Germon and Calvert Sts. 
BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. 


A!so Owners and Managers of Steam Tugs: 

••BRITANNIA" "CHICAGO" "COLUMBIA" 
••CALVIN WHITELEY" 

Special attention given to the Bunkering of Steamships; 
also to Harbor and Sea Towage of all descriptions 

EUROPEAN COAL AGENTS 

Pyman, Watson & Co,, Ltd, 

Bury -Street Chambers, Bury St., London, E. C, Eng. 


Passenger Service to 

Egypt, India, China, Australia 

Via Gene a ard / or Naples 


A. SCHUMACHER & CO. 

GENERAL AGENTS 

7 South Gay St., BALTIMORE, MD. 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 





4^0^-'-^^^:^^=^ 


gUj 


^^^^^gjwi^»^|||^ 


i 



^ARC.RST IN THK WoRI.D 



Baltimore 



By Hon. E. Clay Timanus, Mayor of Baltimore. 



^^^^^ ERTAINLY no one has had greater opportunity to look into the very heart of Baltimore 
^ /^ 1^ and see what is contained there than the writer. It was my responsible, though not 
^1*5 un])leasant, duty to administer the affairs of the Monumental City during a very critical 
^^i^y)v period, when conditions were altogether unusual — a period when the city, emerging from a 
fearful calamity, was called upon to determine quickly whether the Baltimore fire was to go 
down into history as a blow to the city's prosperitj' or as an incentive to attain greater prosperitj'. The 
character of both the city and the citizen was put to the test, and what that test revealed is a matter of 
record. My experience with the city during its time of apparent adversity inspires me with both hope and 
pride. I am proud of the Old City because of what it was before the fire; I am prouder of the New City 
for what it has accomplished in the way of progress and development since the conflagration; but my 
greatest pride is in its promise of the future. The burnt district streets have been rebuilt with more 
beautiful structures than those which were destroyed, and the series of new docks, the chain of parks, 
the gigantic sewer system are all taking definite shape. The vision is no longer fanciful — the great 
improvements already made or now being made in the city not only amaze the visitor who knew the 

place in earlier days; they surprise 
even those under whose ej'es they 
were begun and are being carried 
on. 

By the fire of February 7 and 

8, 1904, a stupendous burden was 
heaped upon the shoulders of the 
]ieople of Baltimore. Nearly one 
hundred and forty acres of city 
property went to feed the flames; 
and ninety-eight city blocks — 
many of them in the very center 
of the business .section, laj' in 
waste, a mass of smouldering 
debris on the morning of Februar}- 

9. The loss has been variously 
estimated at between $100,000,000 
and $150,000,000, while the insur- 
ance carried amounted to onh- 
$50,000,000, a con.siderable portion 
of which was not paid in full. 

Marv,...n„ Hi.kctril Comi.anv-o.xk oh THK Every city newspaper was burned 

Largest in the World out; twenty banks and banking 




The Consolidation Coal Company 

Georges Creek Big Vein Coal. 

Mined in the Georges Creek Cumberland Region of Maryland. 
Unequalled for general steam and smithing purposes. Largely- 
used by the United States Navy. Practically smokeless . * . * . 

Fairmont Coal Company 

Fairmont Gas, Steam and Domestic Coal. 

Mined from the Pittsburg Seam in the Fairmont 
Region of West Virginia. A superior locomotive 
fuel. Excellent for gas making, cement and lime 
burning, general steam and domestic business. Fair- 
mont Slack for use in Automatic Stokers . * . ' . 

Fairmont Foundry, Furnace and Crushed Coke 

Somerset Coal Company 



^ 



Somerset Smokeless Coal. 

Mined in Somerset Region, Somerset County, 
Pa. Largely used by Rolling Mills, Rail- 
roads, Steamships and Factories. Excellent 
for smithing purposes .*.'.'.■. ' * . 

Somerset Foundry and Furnace Coke. 



GENERAL OFFICES: BALTIJVIORE, MD. 

F. W. WILSHIRE, General Manager of Sales, C. vH. KALKMANN, Asst. General Manager of Sales, 

1 Broadway, New York. Continental Trust Building, Baltimore, Md. 

BOSTON: PHILADELPHIA: WASHINGTON: NEW YORK: 

R, C. Gillespie, Manager, W. M. Wilshire, Manager, W. A. Leelch, Manaier, J. E. Parsons, Manager, 

SO Congress Street Ljnd Title Building. Foot of 30lh Street. I Sroadlvay. 

BALTIMORE: CINCINNATI: DETROIT: 

E. P. Collins, Mjnjger, W. C. Rogers, Manager, E. m. mancoart. Western Manager, 

Continental Irust Building. traction BMding. SMaiesLc Bwlding. 

NORTHWESTERN FUEL COMPANY, 

Northwestern and Chicago Agents : ST. PAUL, Pioneer Prees Building. CHICAGO, Fisher Buildmg. 
Foreign Representatives: Sanders & Co , 110 Cannon Street, LONDON. 



THE CROWN OF THE CHI- S A P E A K E 




concerns were deprived of their homes; eight large hotels were in ashes, while the stores, warehouses, 
business firms, manufacturers, companies and private individuals burned out totaled more than 2,500. 

Every avenue for carrying on the business of the city was obstructed. The large wholesale 
houses found their stocks depleted. They could not solicit or accept orders from outside trades, and 
were in danger, in consequence, of losing in a large measure that patronage which they had regarded as 
permanently theirs. Then, too, the available space that could be utilized as temporary quarters was 
not of such proportions as to permit the transaction of business under advantageous circumstances, 
after stocks had been renewed. Records and accounts were either lost or buried beneath hills of burn- 
ing matter, where they would long remain inaccessible. The street railways were out of commission; the 
lighting and power and telephone services were either crippled or entirely wrecked. The banking 
machinery of the city was suddenly brought to a standstill. In a few hours Baltimore had been trans- 
formed from one of the most progressive and prosperous cities of America to a heap of ashes, and the 
clouds of smoke arising from piles of wreckage might well have cast a deep shadow over the spirit of 
its people. 

But with surprising courage the people of the city set about recovering their losses. They 
realized instantly that there would be required herculean effort to re1)uild the city and to bear the 
financial setbacks which the fire had entailed. But they put their hand to the wheel and undertook the 
work of rehabilitation with so much determination, so much enthusiasm and good judgment that the 



MAIL SAMPLES ON APPLICATION TO DEALERS ONLY 

DANIEL MILLER CO 




Importers and Distribulors of Foreign and Domestic 

Dress Goods, Silks, White 
Goods, Linens, Wash Goods, 

Notions, Hosiery, Gloves, 

Underwear, Embroideries, Small 

Wares, Etc. 




BEYOND CONTRAVENTION OF DOUBT, WE ARE THE LARGEST CARRIERS OF OUR CLASS 
OF MERCHANDISE OF ANY HOUSE IN THIS TERRITORY 



We respectfully request you to inspect our line before purchasing 



LEADING DRESS GOODS AND SILK HOUSE OF SOUTH AND EAST 

The JOHN C GRAFFLIN CO. 

Manufacturers of 

COTTON, FLOUR AND BURLAP BAGS 

BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 



WHITRIDGE, WHITE & CO. 



Importers and Jobbers of 

^ BURLAPS^ 



BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 



Some of the New Monuments of Baltimore 




Wallace JIosruExr. 

PATRIOT AXD ilARn-R FOR SCOTTISH UBERTW 1505. 

Drcid Hn.1. Park. 



Teackle Wallis MO>-riIENT- 
MONT-iLENT SofARE. 



ESTABLISHED 1808 



CHAS. T. CRANE, President. C. G. OSBURN, Cashier. JOHN E. MARSHALL. Asst. Cashier. 

Farmers and Merchants National Bank 

BALTIMORE, MD. 



South and Lombard Sts. 



CAPITAL, SURPLUS AND PROHTS, 
RESOURCES, . - . . . 



$1,000,000 
$4,000,000 



Does a General Banking and Collection Business. Accounts Solicited. 



DIRECTORS : 

Robert Ober, Thomas J. Hayward, Edwin Wariield, Robert N. Sloan, George L. Potter, 

J. Hough Coltman, Samuel J. Lanahan, Charles T. Crane, Ferdinand C. Latrobe, Simon H. Stein. 



SAM'L KIRK & SON CO. 



ESTABLISHED 1817 



Manufacturers 
Every Descriptii 

of . . . 



Silver 
Ware 




DIAMONDS 

PEARLS 

WATCHES 

and 

Every Variety 

of 

JEWELRY 



INTERIOR VIEW 



BALTIMORE, MD. 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 



city, figuratively speaking, was carried far past the position which it held before. Not onlj' was the 
lost <jround regained, but the effort to hold Baltimore in her established place as a center of commerce 
and a place of residence took her citizens into new fields, and the growth and development is still going 
on and what Baltimore is ultimately to become none of us can tell ; but surely it will be something of 
which its citizens may well be proud, and of which the present-day Baltimorean can only dream. 

Upon the hills of ashes^ — which outsiders thought read " ruin " to Baltimore in 1904 — there has 
arisen a new city, a greater city, a more progressive city, and certainly a more beautiful city than the 
one which disappeared in the ashes. The city's former business has not only been held; but the labors 
put forth to retain it were so irresistible that it has increa.sed with progressive strides. In manufactures, 
in jobbing, and retailing, in imports and exports— in every department of commerce and industry 
Baltimore has advanced. The unfavorable features which had naturally crept into the city because of 
its gradual growth, were wiped out by the fire and have been kept out ; and the beneficial features 
which, perhaps, had not been as general as could l)e desired before the fire, have been freely introduced. 
As a commercial town, taking into consideration every facility and con\'enience for carrying on com- 
merce, Baltimore can compare favorably with the other big cities of America. 

r" 



I id^nnn'" »[LJ«^' 





n? ill n^nffl|^«2! 



ND Batti.k Monumknt, BAI.Tn 



So much with regard to what the people of Baltimore, as citizens engaged in lousiness house and 
corporation, are concerned ; but even greater advances have been made since the fire by Baltimore 
in its aspect of a municipalitj — a corporation which cares for more than half a million people. 
Baltimore, the municipality, is to-day in process of reconstruction, of remaking. The people have 
provided liberally and wisely for making e.Ktensive improvements which are to be far-reaching in their 
benefits — commercially, physically and sociallj'. It is a source of great pride to me that the admini- 
stration with which I have been connected has been jire-eminently distinguished for the great public 
works completed or begun. A number of these are still in a state of construction, and it will l>e many 
years before they are all finished ; but as I witness each day the progress being made on the great 
improvements undertaken by the people, and the great things already accomplished, I am, and not 
without reason, e.xcessively optimistic of the future as far as Baltimore is concerned. 



The National Bank of Baltimore 



N. E. Cor. Baltimore and St. Paul Sts. 



BALTIMORE, MD. 



ORIGINAL CHARTER, 1795. 

UNITED STATES DEPOSITARY 
DEPOSITARY OF THE CITY OF BALTIMORE 



Capital, $1,210,700.00 
Deposits, $2,550,000.00 



Surplus and 

Undivided Profits, $443,730.78 



JAMES L. McLANE. President 
HENRY C. JAMES. CU.'shicr 
EDWIN W. ADAMS. Asst. Cash.. 



^ 



JAMES L. McLANE DECATUR H. MILLER, Jr, 

JOSHUA LEVERING C. MORTON STEWART, J 

WILTON SNOWDEN JOHN K. SHAW, Jr. 

HENRY C. JAMES 



CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT SAFE AND PROGRESSIVE 

SOUND POLICY MODERN AND DESIRABLE BANKING FACILITIES 



IlWSIST ONCE fflNC] 
ICHOCOLATESl 




AND 




w\((i^^^'^^^ urn 

^// W^- ^tu w^-^^/ti wv^ 



ISOLD EVERYWHERE 



i 



QUAST BROTHERS. 




8 S. Liberty Street, Baltimore, Md. 



(J ^' 


U '/. /irr,..^'^ '.^ f^'S^ ..^' '/.. Vu-:/. 


^^^ A :;- . 


"^ 


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Thi-; Star Spangli;!) B.a 



Co-existent with " The Star Spangled Banner 



The Commercial and 
Famiers National Bank 



BALTIMORE 



DIRECTORS : 

HENRY KHIDEL. 
Henry Keidel & Co 
Wholesale Hardware. 



JAMES M. EASTER. 
Daniel Miller & Co.. 
Wholesale Dry Goods. 



W.M. S. BELDING. 
Win. S. BeldinK & 
Silks. 




DIRECTORS : 

'.EO. M. SHRIVEK, 
Baltimore aurt Ohio 
Railroad Company. 

iKNJ. W. CORKRAN, 
JR.. Street & Corkian 
Co.. Packers. 



H. H. HUBNER. 



JACOB M. LAUCH- 
HEIMER. 

M. H. Lauchheimer S: 
Sous, Clothing. 

KRED'KH. GOTTLIEB. 



Howard and German Street Entrance 



CAPITAL, $650,000.00 

SURPLUS AND UNDIVIDED PROHTS, $200,000.00 
DEPOSITS, .... $3,500,000.00 



Accounts of Banks, Merchants, Corporations, Socie- ^ Depository of the United States, State of Maryland 

ties, and Individuals Solicited on Liberal Terms ft^ and City of Baltimore 



80 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 



The reflection of Baltimore's fire had scarceh^ faded from the sky, before the people of the city 
began to discuss how they might turn the disaster into a lasting benefit. The first thing suggested by 
way of improvement was the widening of a number of streets in the burnt district. A commission was 
appointed, and this body supervised the work of improvement, which is now almost completed. 
Hopkins Place was widened from 52 and 55 feet to 70 feet ; Hanover street was extended from Baltimore 
through to Fayette street ; Charles street between Fayette and Lombard was widened from 49 '_• feet to 
76 feet ; Light street between Baltimore and Pratt was widened from 41 and 45 feet to 105 and 108; 
St. Paul street from Baltimore to Fayette was widened from 30 to 66 feet, while the same thoroughfare 
for the block between Fayette and Lexington was widened from ,^0 to 120 feet so as to form a pla/a ; 




LK.XINGTON M.4RKKT. 



VR('.^:ST .M.i^RKICT 



WORI.D. 



Calvert street between Baltimore and Fayette was widened from 64 to 80 feet ; Commerce street between 
Exchange Place and Pratt was widened from 40 to 60 feet ; West Falls avenue was extended from 
Baltimore to Lombard street to a width of 50 feet ; German street between Hopkins and Light was- 
was widened from 38}^ and 57 to 80 feet; Lombard street between Charles and South, and between- 
Gay and Center Market Space was widened from 49'- to 66 feet ; the tract of land between Baltimore,, 
Lombard, Center Market Space and West Falls avenue was condemned and laid out for a public market; 
and finally Light street is to be widened between Pratt and Lee streets. For this work the commission 
spent more than seven and one-quarter million dollars, and received back for benefits assessed one and 
one-eighth millions. 



...The... 
Baltimore Refrigerating and Heating Co. 


Cold Storage of Perishable Fruits, Vegetables and other Farm Products. 
Largest capacity in the South. 

Pure Ice made from Distilled Water. Capacity 225 tons per day. 

Refrigerotion furnished from street mains for Cooling Boxes in Markets 
and Business Houses. 

Steam Heating from Street Mains. Now heating 250 of the largest 
Business Houses with pjrfect success. 

Correspondence solicited from Shippers from all parts of the country. 
Liberal advonces made on goods stored. 


408-426 South Eutaw Street, - - - - BALTIMORE, MD. 


EISENBERG'S 

This is one of the great 
Department Stores of 
Baltimore, and is known 
as " The Underselling 
Store," from its policy 
of retailing all grades 
and varieties of goods 
at lower prices than any 
of its competitors. It is 
centrally located 


Griffith & Turner Co, 

SOUTHERN GENERAL 
DISTRIBUTING AGENTS FOR 

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT 
MANUFACTURERS 


...SEEDS... 

POULTRY, DAIRY CONTRACTORS 
SUPPLIES 

205-215 N. PACA STREET 

BALTIMORE, MD. 

CATALOGUE FREE-Write for Iradj discount sheet to dealer! 


West Lexington Street 

BETWEEN HOWARD AND PARK 



Four of the Leading Skyscrapers of Baltimore. 




OFFICERS 



S. DAVIES WARFIELD. 
President 



THOMAS M. HULINGS, 
Vice-President 



F. C. DREYER, 



MAURICE H. GRAPE, 
Assistant Treasurer 



H. A. BEASLEY, 
Secretary 



R. HYLAND COX, 
Trust Officer 



■^riLLIAM J. CASEY, 
Assistant to President 



Write for Illustrated 
Booklet 



The continental 
TRUST COMPANY 



CONTINENTAL BUILDING 
Baltimore and Calvert Streets 
BALTIMORE 



Capital Surplus and $3,665,000 
Undivided Profits . . ^ ^ ^ 



Allows Interest on DeposiU Subject to Check 

Savings Department, 3^2 Per Cent Interest 

Issues Coupon Certificates of Deposit 



Acts as Guardian and Trustee 



Strongest Safe Deposit Vault in the World 



Cumberland Coal Co« 
Piedmont Mining Co, 
Gorman Coal & Coke Co, 



Miners and Shippers of the Celebrated 
Douglas Coal and Douglas Purity 
Smithing Coal ; George's Creek Big 
Vein Coal ; Upper Freeport .Coal, 
and manufacturers of the Unexcelled 
Douglas Furnace and Foundry Coke. 

Also Gorman Furnace and Foundry Coke 



-General Offices :- 



No. 900 Continental Trust Building 

BALTIMORE. - - MARYLAND. 
Wm. H. Gorman, President. 



Napoleon B. Lobe S. Burns Ratclilfe 
Henry I. Lobe 



WHOLESALE 



Carpets, Oil Cloths, Rugs, Etc. 



R B. Lobe & Co. 



Importers 



MATTINGS 



J- J- 

307 and 309 W. Baltimore Street, 
BALTIMORE, MD. 



THE C K O W^ N () F T H E C H E S A P E A K E 




-\\ 




4 The docks and piers now being con- 

structed in the harbor will give Baltimore 
means for accommodating shipping inter- 
ests that cannot lie surpassed. The city 
has ever been famed for its fine harbor; but 
when the improvements now under way are 
com]ileted it will become equally renowned 
(or its fine docks. Six million dollars has 
been appropriated for this work, which 
will consist of six piers, beginning at South 
street and continuing eastward to Jones' 
Falls. The docks will be 150 feet wide, 
and tile piers will range in length from the 
550 feet of Pier 1 to the 1450 feet of Pier 
6. All but Pier 4 will be leased to private 
concerns by the Board of Estimates; and 
Pier 4: which is to have a length of 925 
feet, will be for the public. These six 
]iiers will have a total surface area of 
1,02(),S82 square feet, or 23'.' acres and 
will create a new water-front of 12,523 
lineal feet. When the docks are finished, 
and after Baltimore obtains the channel 
improvements for which her Representa- 
tives in Congress are pleading, the city will 
be admirably equijiped for taking care of its 
rapidly-increasing shipping business 

The widening of Baltimore's streets 
and the improvement of her harbor natur- 
ally suggested themselves as a consequence 
of the opportunities for changes which 
were presented by the fire; but other great 
imiirovements have been undertaken which, while they appear as part of the general work of recon- 
struction, are really the expression of the e.Kcess enthusiasm which was aroused when Baltimore 
was brought face to face with the need of regaining the things lost l)y the conflagration. Paramount 
among these other improvements, and perhaps the greatest of all, the improvements undertaken by the 
city, is the building of an extensive sewer system. The people of the city, with that spirit of pro- 
gressiveness which has always carried the Monumental City ahead, j^laced in the hands of the munici- 
pality $10,000,000 with which to construct these .sewers. The work already begun will mean practi- 
cally a revolutionizing of the sanitation of the city. In this particular, at least, we are building for all 
future time, and erecting a lasting safeguard against sickness and epidemics. When the new sewer 
system of Baltimore is completed — and the original estimate was that it would require ten years — the 
people of Baltimore will have a service that will surpass that of any city of like size in America. The 
work is to be done in the lower levels of the city and around the harbor first, but eventually every 
house in Baltimore will be connected with this great system of underground waste channels. 

The Annex loan and the Park loan, of $2,000,000 and $1,000,000, re.spectively, are also to be 
enormous features in the making of a great Baltimore. The present parks are being developed and new 
parks are being acquired, with a view to a chain of parks around the city connected by fine driveways. 
Much is also being done to preserve against the possibility of injury to the beautiful natural valley to 
the north and west of the city. Two of the new parks, Wyman's and Gwynn's Falls, have added 187 
acres to the total park area of the city. At the same time, by beginning the grading and paving of streets 
in the Annex, a large and beautiful residential portion of the city is being made more available for homes. 
Already the best city in the world to live in and do business in, Baltimore is daily making more 
secure her supremacy in both of these features. 



Post Oh-ick, B\i. 



The Baltimore Trust and . . 
Guarantee Company, 

EQUITABLE BUILDING, 

CALVERT AND FAYETTE STREETS. 

Capital, Surplus and Profits, $2,900,000 

Open for its Patrons until 10.30 P. M. 

Merchants receiving: money after tfie regular 3 '*' on Checking Accounts. 

banking: hours can open a second or reserve 3i^ on Deposits in Savings Department. 

account with us without disturbing their *^ 4 ^ on Deposits of $1,000 and over for not 

. . ,., , , , less than 6 months. 

existing accounts with other banks. 

Safe Deposit Boxes fop Rent. 

B. N. BAKER, President. 

. . . THE . . . 

Red ''C Oil Manufacturing Co. 



INCORPORATED 1878 



OFFICES: 

BALTIMORE, MD. 



OILS 

GASQLDMES 

GREASES 



WORKS: 

HIGHL \NDTOWN, MD. 



WE ARE INDEPENDENT OF TRUSTS AND ALWAYS HAVE BEEN 



36altiinovc anb the South 

1?Y Richard H. Edimoni.s, Editor Manufaclurcri' 



tion 



5^'--^^--5 EN YEARS AGO one of the ablest students of economic development and of transportati 
II "|x> which it has ever been my good fortune to know, in discussing the future of Baltimore 
^ ^ ^>i and its relation to the country at large, but especially to the South, wrote me such an 
^k<!^^>ii! interesting letter that I can not do better than quote in full what he said as one ol the most 
comprehensive presentations of the possibilities of this city which could be given. 
"The Blue Ridge," said he. "which forms the eastern wall of the Appalachian ranges, 
approaches the Atlantic'coast as it runs northward. It is unbroken and a watershed up into central 
Virginia, and only cut to its base by the Potomac and the Susquehanna. The western coal-bearing 
ranges widen out to meet the upper Ohio and the mountain country, and at the parallel of Baltmiore 
the mountain country is from 250 to 300 miles across, the rivers flowing to the Atlantic via Chesapeake 
bay rising on the westerly ridges and cutting through the eastern ranges. This fact, and the deep 
indentation of the Atlantic coast by Chesapeake bay, bring the mountain country and tidewater almost 
together at the head of the bay at Baltimore. This topography of the mountains and the peculiar con- 
formation of the coast line make Baltimore the key to that part of the mountain country lying between 
the Susquehanna and the head of the rivers which flow southward through the valley of East Tennessee, 
and Baltimore's lines of railway across the mountains to the Lake and Ohio Valley States, aside from 
running through the widest part of the mountain region of the South, and the part richest in minerals 
and forests, are shorter than those which connect the central Northern States with Philadelphia, New 
York or the New England cities. Baltimore can be, and should be, to vSouthern development what 
New York has been to the upbuilding of the West. Baltimore has a larger field of wealth to draw 
from, and a more permanent field, than New York and New England had in their Western territory, 
and the topography of Baltimore's field converges and concentrates it upon her much more than the 
West converges on New York In fact, the short and natural lines between the West and the Atlantic 
converge on Baltimore. All these facts must ultimately make your city the great city of the Atlantic coast. 
" The only one field in America which has made no advance commensurate with the general 
advance of the country at large, and none worth considering when its incomparable natural wealth is 
taken into account, is the mountainous portions of the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland, a little of 
Ohio, the Virginias, the Carolinas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia. Here is the greatest 
natural storehouse and workshop on the face of the earth. In this area of perhaps 140,000 square miles 
is at least thirty times the natural wealth of Great Britain, and more than ten times the natural wealth 
that can be found in any other solid body of like area anywhere on the face of the earth. In Euroiiean 
countries are little patches of like country, but in no way to be compared for natural wealth, square 
mile for square mile, on which populations are crowded together, who for generations past have lived 
prosperously, and where for centuries to come prosperity will continue, in numbers so great that if the 
entire population of the United States today were crowded into this mountainous region of ours it would 
not be nearly so closely taken up; while around this mountain country lie Eastern Pennsylvania and 
New Jersey, Maryland and Delaware, the Piedmont and Tidewater counties of Virginia, the Carolinas 
and Georgia, the Gulf States east of the Mississippi, Tennessee and Kentucky, out to the ' Father of 
Waters,' and the rich States along the north bank of the Ohio. 

" Here in the centre of this empire is piled up natural wealth enough to enrich a continent and to 
furnish in perpetuity profitable work for scores of millions of people. Here is a guarantee which nature 
has given of work for those in the centre in producing wealth to exchange with the territory adjoining. 
Here is a field for a home market that will forever endure and grow. It would take too long to show 
how the peculiar topographv of this country concentrates its wealth along certain lines, and how from 
this topography Baltimore is the key to the upper half of it ; further, how her railway connections and 



WOODWARD, BALDWIN & CO. 



NEW YORK and BALTIMORE 



SELLING AGENTS FOR THE 



Piedmont Mig. Co. 
Loray Mills 
Enterprise Mfg. Co. 
Anderson Cotton Mills 
Greenwood Cotton Mills 
Victor Mfg. Co. 
F. W. Poe Mfg. Co. 
Saxon Mills 
Fairfield Cotton Mills 



Pickens Mill 
The Carolina Mills 
Hermitage Cotton Mills 
McComb City Cotton Mills 
Orr Cotton Mills 
Easley Cotton Mills 
Brandon Cotton Mills 
Monaghan Mills 
Woodruff Cotton Mills 



Franklin Mills 
Bamberg Cotton Mills 
Glenwood Cotton Mills 
Brogon Cotton Mills 
Ninety-six Cotton Mills 
Williamston Mills 
Chiquola Mfg. Co. 
Toxaway Mills 
The Cheswell Cot. Mill Co. 



Sheetings, Shirtings, Drills, Fine Cloths, Outing Cloths, 

Savage Mfg. Co. j Manufacturers of Standard, Sail and 22-inch Ducks All 

and \ "Weights and Widths up to J 44 inches 

Warren Mfg Co. ) Paper Mill Felts and Press Cloths Made to Fit any Machine 



Thomsen Chemical Company 

BALTIMORE. MD. 

. . . MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF . . . 

CHEMICALS AND DYE STUFFS 



COMMERCIAL AND C. P. ACIDS : 

SULPHURIC MURIATIC NITRIC ACETIC 



• ALUM-SULPHATE ALUMINA 
IRON AND COPPER SALTS AND SOLUTIONS 



SODA SALTS AND SOLUTIONS 
ZINC SALTS AND SOLUTIONS 



TIN SALTS AND SOLUTIONS 
TEXTILE SOFTENING OILS 



SPRAYING CHEMICALS: 

SOLUBLE OIL 95« ARSENATE LEAD 



Leading Savings Banks of Baltimore. 





KiTAW Savinc.s Bank. 




Marvi.ani. Savin. -.s Bank. 



Li \ik\i S\\ INC s B\ 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 89 

lier natural lines sweep back to Lakes Ontario and Erie and into the heart of the central Northern States 
far better than do the railways and natural lines of New York and Philadelphia. But in the mountain 
country alone is a field of wealth, the production of which must focus on Baltimore, which must inevit- 
ably make her the future great city of the Atlantic coast in population, wealth and prosperity." 

It would be difficult for anyone more forcibly to state the advantages which nature has given for 
the creation of a great city at Baltimore. Sometimes it takes a long time for nature's laws to work out, 
but where nature has decreed the building of a great centre of trade and traffic there, eventually, it is 
sure to be, for nature's laws or what we may call the economic force of development, is greater than 
man's power. Even inertia on the part of a people or their failure to rightly appreciate and grasp the 
o])portunities which nature has given to their city will not by any means change the working-out of 
nature's laws, though they may temporarily stay the inevitable movement which sooner or later will 
culminate in the fulfillment of the destiny given by nature through geographical location, and economic 
conditions, to any locality. Baltimore, having been abundantly blessed as one of the predestined great 
cities of the world, is beginning at last, with a wider vision and a broader horizon, to grasp its poten- 
tialities. Even if this were not true, the trend of economic development would force to this city a great 
movement of population, and others would do what Baltimoreans had failed to accomplish, if such a 
thing were necessary. It is with Baltimore very much as it is today with the South. If the southern 
country were peopled with barbarians, or if it were entirely without population, and the world had 
learned as much as it now knows about the vastness of the material resources of this section, the 
world's economic development would force a vast southward movement of men and monej'. Wherever 
nature has stored in such boundless abundance as she has done in the South, the foundations for all 
great manufacturing interests and for the best conditions of life, it is not a question of whether great 
atlvancement will be brought about and great wealth created. These are inevitable. But as the people 
of the South, leading as they are today in the development of their own country, bid a hearty welcome 
to brains and brawn and capital from elsewhere, so Baltimore, though its own people are awakening to 
their own rich heritage, recognizes that the heritage of material possibilities increases in geometrical ratio 
with the increase in poiiulation; and they, too, are bidding the world a hearty welcome and pointing to 
the strength of natural advantages, the charm of scenery and of climate, and the predestined greatness 
of this city, as a reason why others should come and make it their abiding place. As the most 
northerly of southern cities and the most southerly of northern cities, Baltimore stands as the gateway 
between the North and the South. It is the converging point where the traffic and the trade and the 
wealth of both sections must meet. Identified since earliest days with the South, increasing year by year 
its commercial relations with that section, Baltimore has ever watched with the deepest interest the up- 
building of this section. It realizes that every furnace fire lighted in the South, every mine opened, 
ever}' factor}- established, every new immigrant, is but broadening the field and enriching that section, 
which must for all time be its chiefest market and upon whose development its trade must largelj' 
depend. It was the creation of the vast manufacturing interests of New England that made Boston the 
hub of that section, and for many years almost the financial hub of America. It was the wonderful 
development of the Central West, when that empire was opened to the farmer and the manufacturer, 
which made Chicago the wonder of the world in city-building. It was the development of that equally 
rich empire in the South-west, the beginning of which is scarcely under way as compared with the 
future, which has made St. Louis a city of 800,000 people and with a wealth rivaling that of Chicago. 
What Boston has been to New England and New England has been to Boston, what Chicago has been 
to the Central West and the Central West to Chicago, what St. Louis has been to the Southwest and 
the Southwest has been to St. Louis, in the mutuality of relationship and of material advancement 
therefrom, so will Baltimore be to the South and the South to Baltimore. The one will prosper with 
the other, and the growth in population and wealth of each inures to the advantage of the other. 

The tale of southern resources never grows weary with repetition. Over and over must the 
story be told in order to enable us to fully grasp its greatness. It is an old story known by many, and 
-should be known to all, that in this southern country, tributary by every tie of friendship and business 
relationship to Baltimore, there are 62, OCO square miles of coal, against 50,000 square miles in all of 
Europe. There are nearly two and a half times as much coal area in this southern mountain region as 



90 TIIK CROWN OF Till'; CIIESAPKAKE 

ill Great Britain, Germany and Pennsylvania coml)ine(l. There is iron ore enough to duplicate the 
world's iron and steel trade, and by reason of the almost incomparable expansion of iron and steel con- 
sumption, southern iron ores, within rifle-shot as they are of the coal mines, must give to this section 
an iron and steel production rivaling that of Pennsylvania and Ohio and Illinois. And out of this 
development there must inevitably come wealth which will match that of these opulent States with their 
many fortunes almost too vast to be quite understood by the average man. To coal and iron the South 
adds a cotton crop which for the present fiscal year will aggregate in value nearly $800,000,000, or twice 
as much as the total output for the same j-ear of all the gold mines of the world. This cotton crop, of 
which the South holds the world's monopoly, is in itself a potentiality for the development of every line 
of human activity and the creation of wealth, enough to enrich not simply a country or a section, but 
an empire. It is the most important agricultural product of earth, and with the higher range of prices 
now prevailing, and in all human probability destined to prevail for years to come, it is difficult to 
exaggerate the influence of the $700,000,000 or $800,000,000 which this crop is annually bringing to the 
South. Within the next ten years it is altogether probable that the world's consumptive requirements 
will result in a cotton crop of 18,000,000 bales or more, against the 12,000,000 to 13,000,000 bales now 
produced. In other lines of agricultural production the South is so abundantly bles.sed that it is con- 
servative to say that this section can duplicate in value the entire farm products of the United States. 
In fact, the value of the South's agricultural products last year was $450,000,000 greater than the total 
value of all agricultural products of the United States, the South excepted, as late as 1880. In 1880 
the total value of the farm products of the South was $660,000,000, or less than one-third of the 
$2,000,000,000 total of 1906, and the value of manufactured products, which in 1880 was $+57,000,000, 
is now $2,500,000,000. 

But why attempt to catalogue the resources of the South or outline what has already lieen accom- 
plised? No man who is in touch with the world's activities and worthy to count as a real business 
man can be otherwise than acquainted with the fact that there is no other spot on earth which duplicates 
the marvelous resources of this .section, which duplicates its advantages for the support of a dense pop- 
ulation and the creation of almost limitless wealth, and no man who attempts to keep at all informed 
about the material advancement of the country can do so without of neces.sity being acquainted with 
the figures which tell the story of the South's great upbuilding. But let it be emphasized that this 
upbuilding has barely commenced, that the wealth of this section, increasing as it has done for the last 
two or three years at the rate of over $3,000,000 a day, is only at its beginning. Within the next ten 
years this section will far more than duplicate all that it has accomplished in the last quarter of a 
century. In fact, it is not beyond bounds to predict that in five years the South will make greater 
material progress than it has made in the last twelve or fifteen years. 

As the South grows, so will Baltimore grow ; as the wealth of this section increases, so will the 
trade and commerce and wealth of Baltimore increase ; as the people of Baltimore come more thoroughly 
to a full appreciation of the strategic position with which nature has endowed this city, as they come 
to realize that it has triljutary to it the predestined centre of the world's greatest industrial activities, 
they will of neces.sity take an ever-deepening interest in bringing to a full fruition the rich harvest of 
Southern potentialities. 



^^SEE THE OILS FLOW^^ 

AT OUR EXHIBIT IN MACHINERY HALL 



WM. C ROBINSON & SON CO. 



. ESTABLISHED 1832 . 



:H1GH GRADE LUBRICATINGi 



OILS AND GREASES 

MAIN OFFICE 

BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. 



PHILADELPHIA 
TERRE HAUTE 



BOSTON PITTSBURG 

INDIANAPOLIS ALTOONA 



CINCINNATI 
CUMBERLAND 



WORK:-CORAOPOLIS, PA. 



M, S, Levy and Sons 



MAKERS OF 



Men's, Boys' and Children's 



STRAW HATS 



LOMBARD and PACA STS. 
BALTIMORE, MD. 

NEW YORK: 15 Washington Place 



CHICAGO 
PHILADELPHIA 



BOSTON 

SAN FRANCISCO 



Hamburger Bros. 
& Co. 



MAKERS OF 



^ 



CRITICALLY 

CORRECT 

CLOTHING 



^ 



BALTIMORE 



NEW YORK 



Leading Financial Institutions of Baltimore. 




Maryland Casi'ai.tv Comp 



^lanspovtation in nr)av^lanb*:=1Rail 

^-^^.^-^r^^P'-"^' viewed in the rctros])ect, there clings about the merchant of old times much that is 
$^ vvT ^i ^'Oth picturesque and romantic. His business of buj'ing and selling goods crowded upon 
^ J^ ¥^ ^'™ adventures and dangers ; and his gain— if by a stroke of misfortune it were not 
^^^>i$ snatched from his hand— was very large. With valued wares packed upon his horses or 
mules he traveled through forest and over plain, sometimes alone, sometimes in company 
with other traders or his servants, and bargained with friend and foe, with fellow-countryman and 
foreigner. His object was to accumulate a fortune, for the quest of gold attracted him to the life he 
led. Vet his accomplishment was more than that, for the old-time trader— whether in Europe, Asia, 
Africa or America — was the advance agent of international intercourse, and the steed which bore his 
pack was also the carrier of civilization and progress. 

There is, doubtless, lacking in the life of present day merchants both the picturesqueness and 
romance which attached to the trader of ages past, for a vast change has come over the commercial 
world. The telegraph and the telephone have annihilated distance, while the horse-of-steel, snorting in 
every corner of the world as it takes its way through mountain and over stream and into the bowels of 
the earth, has sui)erseded the pack-horse of other days. And in about the same ratio that the steam 
locomotive reduced the time-distance between trader and customer, in the same ratio the steam railway 
increased the speed with which the gospel of civilization and prosperity has been sjiread. Especially is 
this true in America. Following close upon the heels of the jiioneer, sustaining him practically in his 
perilous advance, the steam engine blazed the path of American progress westward. It laid the warp 
of steel rails from East to West ; it laid the woof of steel rails from North to South, and ou the network 
of railways with which the continent has been covered rests America's remakable prosperity. 

There have been many contributors to the business success of the American jjeople. The 
inherent pluck and perseverance of the composite race which has been moulded here in the principles 
of its first settlers: the liberal and cheerful form of government under which the people live; the healthy 
and invigorating climate prevailing in most sections, and the richness of soil and favorableness of 
weather conditions generally — all these have made for prosperity. But no one of them has been more 
influential in bringing actual wealth to the people than the railroads. With the importance of the 
steam locomotive in America's progress duly valued, and bearing in mind the leading part which the 
Old Line State played in fostering early railroad-building, it is not difficult to understand that the 
State of Maryland and the people of Maryland have made a great and glorious contribution to the 
nation's success. 

True, the American nation expanded before the advent of the steam railway, but that expansion 
was loose and insecure. It was not until the railroad knit the sections of the country close together, 
brought rural district to the very gates of the city, that the business of America, as well as its govern- 
mental organization, found a firm bottom upon which to rest. Maryland was one of the first to 
encourage extensive railway construction; indeed, the State bankrupted herself in a wild endeavor to 
give all her people railroad facilities. Toward this end all the money in the State treasury was spent 
and an enormous debt was contracted; Init the railways were built. The State bore patiently her 
burden, and eventually discharged the recklessly incurred obligations to the last cent, while today an 
admirable series of railway systems, touching every corner of its limits, serves as a memorial to Mary- 
land's generosity and foresight. 

By a process of evolution — which in the main was either natural or economic, or both — the 
principal lines of railroads in the vState have been concentrated into three large sj'stems. First is the 
Baltimore and Ohio— the pioneer commercial railway not only of Maryland, but of the nation — which 
was originally designed to join by means of a land transportation line the City of Baltimore and the 
Ohio River. That in time it should have outgrown the limited field to which its early projectors 
dedicated it was natural in view of the country's unanticipated development. It was legitimate growth 



94 THE C R O W X OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

which sent tlie arms ot the Baltimore and Ohio northward toward New York; northwestward to the 
cities on Lakes Erie and Michigan: westward to St. Louis and the Mississippi, and southwestward into 
the rich coal lauds of West Virginia. 

The growth of the Pennsylvania system in Maryland has been due partly to consistent growth, 
but more especially consolidation based upon wise economj-. The manner of constructing the earlier 
American railways was of such a nature as to preclude the possibility of successful operation. When 
the fever for internal improvements seized the nation, there were started scores and scores of railway 
lines that had little chance of succeeding (if they were ever so much as completed) because of their 
short length or the unpromising condition of the country which they traversed. These little lines — 
many but a few miles long — were projected in unreason and needed only the touch of afterthought to 
carry conviction to their promoters of the certainty of failure. When the truth of things was revealed, 
some of the enterprises were abandoned, others were permitted to drift into bankruptc\-, while in other 
instances farsighted financiers saw the opportunity of turning failure into success by consolidation. 
There began, therefore, a period of healthj' absorption, and from this grew the several lines which form 
the backbone of the Penns3lvania's system in Maryland. 

The third of the big railways operating extensively in Maryland is the reorganized Western 
Maryland, including the old road of the same name (now practically being rebuilt), the West Virginia 
Central and Pittsburg, and other small roads — all destined ultimately to go to make up the Wabash 
system, which is stretching its arms of steel westward from the Atlantic seacoast to the shores of the 
Pacific. The Western Maryland, in its earlier career, resembles the Baltimore and Ohio. It was the 
offspring of a desire of manj- Marylauders of half a centur\- ago to retain to Baltimore part of the 
western trade theu being diverted to northern cities, and it therefore struck a responsive chord in the 
people of the Old Line State, who supported the enterprise liberally. Its growth was gradual but 
steady until property was acquired by interests affiliated with the Wabash, since which time the 
development of the Western Maryland has been rapid and aggressive. In this latter period it follows 
somewhat the course pursued by the Pennsylvania Railroad in Mar>land. 

These three railways, which have been designated as the big systems, by no means comprise all 
the transportation lines within the State; uor indeed do the3- include all the important roads. Besides 
those minor Marjiand railways which are controlled bj- either the Pennsylvania or the Baltimore and 
Ohio, there are several large companies traversing the South which are afforded an avenue northward 
over the Pennsj-lvania's tracks, and several lines are operated independently in this State which are big 
factors in the commercial affairs of their respective sections. The Norfolk and Western, entering 
Hagerstown from the south, opens up to western Maryland a vast stretch of southern territory; the 
Maryland and Pennsylvania gives Baltimore access to a rich agricultural section of Pennsylvania and 
Maryland, and the Baltimore and Annapolis Short Line links the metropolis of the State with the State 
capital. 

The history of railroads in Maryland begins with the earh- years of the second quarter of the last 
centurj'. Following the war of 1812-15, the American people had grown enthusiastic regarding 
internal improvements, and there came a craze for building canals by which to transport the products 
of interior districts to the seacoast cities. Among the many artificial waterwa5S planned was the 
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, first undertaken by the Potomac Canal Company, which in time gave 
place to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company. Its object was to afford the people on the Ohio 
River an outlet to the Atlantic via the Chesapeake Bay and to secure a part of the trade of that section. 
As affairs progressed, however, the iieople of Baltimore became apprehensive lest Washington should 
obtain all the benefits from the proposed canal, since its terminus was to be at Georgetown. Experts 
were employed to look into the feasibility of building a branch canal from Washington to Baltimore, 
but these reported that the proposition was impracticable. And as a result some Baltimoreans met on 
February 12, 1827, and started a movement for the construction of an all-rail transportation line 
between Baltimore and Wheeling, on the Ohio, which was to counteract any unfavorable influence 
which might be exerted upon Baltimore's participation in western business on account of the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio Canal not reaching the city. This was the beginning of railroad-building in Maryland, 
and marked the birth of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 



MARYLAND TRUST COMPANY 

N. W. Corner Calvert and German Streets, - BALTIMORE 

CAPITAL - $2,000,000 

INTEREST ALLOWED UPON DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS SUBJECT TO CHECK 

SPECLA.L RATES UPON TIME DEPOSITS 

SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES FOR RENT IN FIRE AND BURGLAR PROOF VAULT 

Acls as Financial Agent for Corporations, Firms and Individuals ; as 
Trustee under Corporation Mortgages; as Depository under Plans of 
Reorganization ; and as Registrar and Transfer Agent of Bonds and Stocks 



A LEGAL DEPOSITORY FOR 




COURT AND TRUST FUNDS 




OFFICERS : 




GRIER HERSH, 


Prcr.,<lcnt. 


L. S. ZIMMERMAN. - 


- 2r.d Vicc-Pr.sidc 


CARROLL VAN NESS. - 


Treasurer. 


JERVIS SPENCER. Jr.. 


- Assistant Trcasur 


IVAN SKINNER. 


As^Want Secret, 



DIRECTORS: 



Josiah L. Bbckwcll, 
G. Clymer Broot«, 
H. Carroll Brown. 
John W. Castles. 
Joseph R. Foard, 
B. Howell Griswold, Jr 
A. Barton Htpburn, 
Gricr Hcrsh. 



John T. Hill, 
George C. Jenkins 
Joshua Levering. 
Oscar G. Murray, 
Henry F. Shoema 
James Speyer. 
Douglas M. Wylie 
L. S. Zimmerman 



Leading Financial Institutions of Baltimore. 




iATiONAi, Bank of Commkrck 



96 



T HE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 



The first stretch of the Baltimore and Ohio — reaching from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills, a 
distance of 15.30 miles — was opened for traffic on May 24, l.S.SO. During the next twenty years many 
railroads were projected in the United States, and of these a number were actually built, so that by the 
year 1850 Maryland and the District of Columbia boasted a total railway mileage of 2 59, and this was 
increased in the succeeding decade to 386 miles. The Civil War somewhat retarded the progress of 
railroad-construction, but immediately after the close of that conflict work was resumed on the several 
lines under way or being extended, and by 1870 there were 671 miles of roads within the State and the 
District. The next decade — that from 1870 to 1880— was a notable one in the history of American 
railroa<ls, and the figures at the close of the period, (k-sjiite the financial depression which ha<l been 




MT. Sr. J, 



experienced, showed great progress. The mileage in Maryland, exclusive of the District of ColumViia, 
was 1,040 in 1880, while at the close of the \'ear 1905 the aggregate of railroads in the State had 
increased to 1,406 miles. 

This latter figure, however, i^resents no true iiulication of the progress which Maryland's 
railways have made since 1880. The past decade antl more has marked a season of phenominal recon- 
struction; and bj' the straightening of curves, the reduction of grades, and similar improvements, the 
actual length of existing roads in most of the eastern States has been materially decreased, and were it 
"not for the extension work which has been carried on in a conservative waj' there would appear, upon 
the surface of things, a loss in the railroad trackage over the figures of previous years. The present 
day accentuates the betterment of railroads; it is an age of railroad reconstruction. 

The financial prosperity of the American railroads is a matter of general knowledge. Through- 
out the countrj- the transportation lines are handling as much business as their equijiment will permit, 
while there is a keen comjietition among them to olitain such additional eiiuipment as foundry and car- 



PATAPSCO ^'•^"^AT.vH FLOUR 



FOR 



PARTICULAR HOUSEKEEPERS 



M W ^^ 



C. A, GAMBRILL MFG. CO. 



BALTIMORE, MD. 



C. F. MEISLAHN 



C.&P. Phon^ >S2J^Y 



C. F. MEISLAHN & CO., 

Manufacturers of FURNITURE 




Composition 
Ornaments 



19 CLAY STREET BALTIMORE, MD. 

NEAR CHARLES STREET 



The National 
Mechanics Bank.. 



COR. SOUTH and GERMAN STS. 
== BALTIMORE =^^ 



CAPITAL, 
SURPLUS, 



$1,000,000 
$1,000,000 



We Want Your Bank Account 



Leading Financial Institutions of Baltimore. 



4if!^^^ 





1)ku\j;rs ami Mkchanicj 



Internatioxai. Trtst Compan\ 




Mercantii.k Trust and Deposit Company. 



Nationai, Bank 



OF BALTIMORE. 



l^-' 



International Trust Company Baltimore stree t 

OF MARYLAND "^^^ Light 



CAPITAL AND SURPLUS, $2,801,603.; 



OFFICERS 



DOUGLAS H. GORDON, President SAMUEL C. ROWLAND, Vice-President 

SUMMERFiELD BALDWIN, Vice-President CHARLES D. FENHAGEN, Secretary and Treasurer 

WALTER D. FOCKE, Assistant Secretary and Assistant Treasurer 



Interest allowed on Checking Accounts Safe Deposit Boxes, all Prices 

Letters of Credit issued, covering every important city in tPie world 
Ladies' Accounts Especially Solicited Good Investment Bonds for Sale to Customers 



JOHN J. BUFFINGTON & CO., 

SEED MERCHANTS 

104 SOUTH CHARLES STREET, . . BALTIMORE, MD. 

Importers, Exporters and Jobbers of 

Grass and Field Seeds — Seed Peas and Beans — Poultry and 
Chick Food— Crushed Oyster Shell— Mico-Spar Cubical Grit 

Crushed Bone 
Granulated Charcoal 
Bird Millet 
Hemp Seed 
German Rape 
Bird Vetch 
Canary 
Sunflower 

We issue weekly blotter quotations to the merchant trade — if wanted regularly 

write us— they are free to dealers 
Samples and special prices cheerfully furnished on request, car lots or less. 

NEW AND SECOND HAND SEAMLESS COTTON BAGS 



Red Clover 


Red Top 


Hungarian 


Cow Peas 


Alsyke Clover 


Blue Grass 


Sorghum 


Canada Field Peas 


Alfalfa Clover 


Rye Grass 


Kaffir Corn 


Vetch 






Buckwheat 


Dwarf Essex Rape 






Rye 


Poultry Food 


Timothy 


Tall Meadow Oatgras 


s Wheat 


Chick Food 


Orchard Grass 


MUlet 


Oats 


Beef Scraps 






Flax Seed 


Meat Meal 



100 THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

works are able to turn out. This condition prevails in Maryland in no less degree than elsewhere. It 
is, of course, impossible to estimate the exact earnings of railroads in the State, because of the fact that 
the principal lines are interstate, while there are many com]ianies doing business in Maryland which 
cannot be regarded as belonging to the State. There is, for instance, no method by which the Mary- 
land earnings of either the Baltimore and Ohio or the Pennsylvania may be satisfactorily separated 
from the general earnings; at the same time the receipts of such companies as the Seaboard and the 
Southern Railroads represent in a measure Maryland luisiness though it would be unreasonable to 
regard them as Maryland lines. For the four months ending October 1, 1830, the gross earnings of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company were #20,012 or at the rate of $60,036 a year; for the twelve 
months ending June 30, 1906, the same company reported gross earnings of $77,392,056. The Western 
Maryland earned nearly $4,000,000 in the ten months ending April 30, 1906, while the amount of its 
daily business at the time was making rapid and uninterrupted advances. The Pennsylvania sy.stem 
east of Pittsburg showed a yearly business of $139,653,838. These figures do not indicate what rail- 
roads in Maryland earn, but they do suggest the gigantic proportions which have been attained by 
those companies operating in the State. 

The Baltimore and Ohio was chartered by the Maryland legislature on February 28, 1827, and 
by the leg-islature of Virginia about a week later. Construction was begun July 4, 1828, and the road 
was opened to EUicott's Mills in 1830; to Frederick in 1831; to Harper's Ferry in 1834; to 
Cumberland in 1842; and to Wheeling — which completed the line as originally planned — in 1853. The 
system now extends from Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington to Chicago and St. Eouis, and has 
an entrance into New York over the lines of the Reading and the Central Railroad of New Jersey. 
The company operates lines in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Marjdand, District of Columbia, 
Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Missouri. On March 1, 1896, the 
Baltimore and Ohio was placed in the hands of Receivers, who directed its affairs for more than three 
years ; and on July I, 1899, the railroad was restored to the company, having been reorganized and 
practically rebuilt without foreclosure. This result was accomplished through the ability and energy 
of the Receivers, the late John K. Cowen, President; President. Oscar Murray and the wisdom 
of Judge Morris of the U. S. Court of the Maryland District. In addition to the lines owned, the 
Baltimore and Ohio operates numerous smaller roads either under lease or charter. It is closely 
affiliated with the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, a line owned by the Consolidation 
Coal Company and extending from Cumberland, Md., to Piedmont, W. Va. Very recently the 
Baltimore and Ohio purchased from the State of Maryland its interest in the Washington Branch, 
which constitutes most of the Baltimore and Ohio's line between Baltimore and Washington, and which 
had been owned jointly by the railroad and the State. 

The Pennsylvania Railroad Company was chartered by the State of Pennsylvania on April 13, 
1846, its purpose being the construction of a line between Harrisburg and Pittsburg, and this road was 
opened on February 15, 1854. The subsequent growth of the Pennsylvania system has been a combi- 
nation of natural development and economic consolidation. That portion of the Pennsylvania which is 
operated between Philadelphia and Washington is now known as the Philadelphia, Baltimore and 
Washington Railroad, and formally came into being on November 1, 1902, when the Philadelphia, 
Wilmington and Baltimore, and the Baltimore and Potomac railroads were consolidated. Of these two 
consolidated lines the former is much older than the Baltimore and Potomac. The Philadelphia, 
Wilmington and Baltimore Company was formed February 5, 1838, by the gathering under one 
company of the Philadelphia and Delaware County, the Wilmington and Susquehanna, the Delaware 
and Maryland, and the Baltimore and Port Deposit lines. 

In 1876 the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore leased the Delaware Railroad, which had 
been chartered in 1836, and was opened for traffic in 1860. Several years later, or in 1881, the Penn- 
sylvania purchased a controlling interest in the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore, and since that 
time the history of the latter company has been marked with active development by both extension- 
building and the acquirement of connecting lines. In 1899 it absorbed the Cambridge and Seaford, the 
Delaware and Chesapeake, and the Queen Anne's and Kent railroads. Two years later tlie Baltimore 
and Delaware Bay and the Smyrna and Delaware were acquired; while even more recently control has 



WILLIAM WILSON & SONS, 

Eslablishcd 1S02 



WILSON, COLSTON & CO. 

Eslablishcd 136 7 



WILSON, COLSTON & CO. 

BANKERS 



Stock Exchange since 1867) 



216 E. Baltimore Street, 



A general Banking business transacted 

Deposits received and interest allowed by agreement. 

Dealers in INVESTMENT SECURITIES, and a 
selection constantly on hand, offering good security and 
attractive interest. 

ExccptionalfacUities on SOUTHERN SECURITIES, 
having a large personal and business acquaintanceship in 
the South, and being pioneers in the introduction of 
Southern Securities in Baltimore. 



BALTIMORE, MD, 



Loans negotiated on collateral security, with special 
advantages for borrowers, and with a successful ex- 
perience of forty years. 

Letters of Credit and Exchange on 

Messrs. J, S. MORGAN & CO., London, 
Messrs. MORGAN, HARJES & CO., Paris. 

New York correspondent. First National Bank. 
Correspondence invited and prompt attention given. 



MIDDENDORF, WILLIAMS & CO. 



BANKERS 



Comer North and Fayette Streets 
BALTIMORE, MD. 



Special attention given to the selection of Conservative Investment Securities for 
Savings Banks, Trust Funds and Individuals. 



Our Weekly Investment Circular Sent Free Upon Application. 



102 THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

been gained of the lines operated by the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railwaj', which in turn 
controls the Maryland, Delaware and Virginia Railway Company. 

In this way the Pennsylvania has secured a network of lines upon the Eastern Shore of Mary- 
land which reach every section of importance. The system extends to Columbia, Pa., from Perryville, 
a distance of 42 miles; from Shellpoint Crossing to Delmar, Del., 95 miles; from Seaford, Del., to Cam- 
bridge, Md., 32 miles; from Clayton, Del., to Oxford, Md., 54 miles; from Massej' to Chestertown, 20 
miles; from Delaware to Centerville, 35 miles; from Georgetown, Del., to Franklin, Va., 43 miles, and 
from Harrington to Rehoboth, Del., 43 miles. There is also the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk 
Railroad operating upon the Eastern Shore, which is closely affiliated with the Pennsylvania. This 
line extends from Delmar, Del., to Cape Charles, Va., while by means of an extensive ferry system the 
service is continued to Norfolk, Portsmouth and Old Point Comfort. The company was formed in 1882, 
by a consolidation of the Peninsula Railroad Company of Virginia, which in turn had been a consolida- 
tion of the Worcester and Somerset Railroad with the Peninsula Railroad. 

The Baltimore and Potomac Railroad originally connected Baltimore with Bowie, a distance of 
24 miles. It was later extended through to Washington, giving it a length of 43 miles, and a branch 
line was built to Pope's Creek, which gave the company an entrance to Southern Maryland. The line 
to Washington was opened for traffic on July 2, 1872, The Pope's Creek branch was put in operation 
on January 1, 1873, its total length being 48 miles. With the many lines thus making up the Pennsyl- 
vania's sj'stem between Washington and Philadelphia, and on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, the com- 
pany owns 214.05 miles of lines and operates under contract 487.98 miles additional in this State. The 
Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Company's gross earnings for six months amounted to 
$7,493,475, which at the same rate would be $14,985,950 a year. The annual earnings of the New 
York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad Company are $2,076,067. In addition there are the earnings 
of the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic, and the Maryland, Delaware and Virginia railroads, which 
are not included in the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Company's report. 

The Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railway Company owns the line between Claiborne and 
Ocean City, a distance of 87 miles, with a short branch line from Salisbury to Fulton. The company 
was organized under the laws of Maryland, in September, 1894, and took over the affairs of the Balti- 
more and Eastern Shore Railroad, and several boat lines running between Baltimore and the Eastern 
Shore. The Company's gross receipts for 1905 were $866,864.49. The Maryland, Delaware and Vir- 
ginia Railway, controlled by the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railway, owns a line from Love 
Point, Md., to Lewes, Del., and from Qneenstown, Md., to Centerville, Md., with a total mileage of 77 
miles, and has a trackage right from Lewes to Rehoboth, 5 miles. This company also operates several 
lines of steamers between Baltimore and the Eastern Shore. The company was formed in 1904, and pur- 
chased at foreclosure in 1905, the property of the Queen Anne's Railroad Company, which had origi- 
nally built the railroad lines now operated, and also of several steamboat companies. It reports gross 
receipts for the year $659,513. 

The Northern Central Railway — another arm of the Pennsylvania system— came into existence, 
though under another name, a short while after the Baltimore and Ohio. The Baltimore and Susque- 
hanna Railroad Company, one of the first railroad companies organized in Maryland, was chartered by 
the State Legislature March 14, 1832, and the road was opened for traffic in 1838. The York and 
Maryland Line Railroad was opened the same year ; the York and Cumberland began operations in 
1851, and the Suscjuehanna Railroad was chartered the same year. These four lines joined on Decem- 
ber 9, 1854, as the Northern Central Railway, which owns a line reaching from Baltimore, Md. , to 
Sunbury, Pa., a distance of 144 miles, with branch lines to Canton and up the Green Spring Valley. 
In addition there are operated under contract somewhat more than three hundred miles of railwa}-. The 
main line operated by the Northern Central reaches the Elniira and Williamsport Railroad and its 
northern extension by using the tracks of the Philadelphia and Erie between Sunbury and Williamsport. 

The Northern Central also operates the York, Hanover and Frederick Railroad, which was 
formed on March 1, 1897, b\- consolidating the Frederick and Pennsylvania Line and the Hanover and 
York Railroads. This line extends from York, Pa., to Frederick, Md., a distance of fifty-five miles. 
The Northern Central came under control of the Pennsylvania system in the early eighties, when its 



BALTIMORE'S FAME 



Has been sounded in the remote comers of the 
world in recent years by the now world-renowned 



RESINOL SOAP 



Where civilization has reached Resinol Soap is in 
demand, because it 

KEEPS THE SKIN RIGHT "NDER all CONDITIONS^ OF leather 

Whether the atmospliere is wet and cold or the winds dry and dust-laden, this 
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Soap is a chemically pure, medicated toilet soap, suitable alike for the youngest ' 

infant, fairest maiden and brawny ranchman. It puts life into the skin and bril- 
liancy into the complexion. It has the same medicinal properties as Resinol 
Ointment, which is the best remedy known for every form of cutaneous disease. 

It not only cleanses but also nourishes the skin. It obviates the tendency to pimples and other 
eruptions. It gives life and lustre to the hair and keeps the scalp free from dandruff. It is made by the 



RESINOL CHEMICAL CO. 



Sold in all Dr 



BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 



W m^Numsen &Sons 



INCORPORATED 



18 Light Street - Baltimore 



Packers of the = ^ 



CLIPPER BRAND 
CANNED GOODS 



BRANCHES 



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HIGH GRADE CANNED GOODS 



I "WAGNER'S POINT" 

I A Sparkling Jewel in the 

i "CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE' 

'T'HERE it is— to the left as ycu enter 
the harbor of Baltimore, and to the 
right as you leave it. Historic Fort 
r/IcHenry is to the left of Wagner's Point, 
Fort Hawkins' Point to the right. Fort 
Howard almost immediately opposite, 
with Fort Carroll, amid-stream, only a 
few hundred yards away. Do you ask 
the significance of the Forts i So long as 
the Forts remain, just so long will the 
source of the greatest baked beans in the 
world remain secure from attack by the 
enemy. Uncle Sam hath guardei well this 
treasury of America's favorite baked beans 



MARTIN WAGNER CO. 



BALTIMORE 



MARYLAND 



Leading Financial Institutions of Baltimore. 




WlI.SON, Cl);.STON & CuMPA.W 




lERCHANTS NaTKi.NAI. B.a 




Farmers and Merchants 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 105 

board of directors invited the Pennsylvania Company to open negotiations for the permanent leasing of 
Its lines. Althongh controlled by the Pennsylvania, it is operated independently. Its gross earnin-s 
amounted to $10,531,962 in 1905. The Baltimore and Sparrows Point Railroad, owning the line from 
Colgate Creek to Sparrows Point, is operated by the Northern Central. The Cumberland Valley Rail- 
road, operating between Harrishurg. Pa., and Poweirs Bend, Md., on the Potomac River, is controlled 
by the Pennsylvania, but operated independently. This company owns eighty-one miles of lines and 
operates, under lease or contract, 80.95 miles additional. 

The Western Maryland Railroad Company was known originally as the Billimore, Carroll and 
Frederick Railroad Company, receiving its charter from the Maryland Legislature in 1S52. The follow- 
ing year it obtained legi.slative permission to adopt its present name Consiruction on the road was 
begun in July, 1857, and a section of the line, beginning at a station known as Relay, on the Northern 
Central, and extending westward for about forty miles, was opened in November, 1862. During its 
early years the company reached Baltimore over the tracks of the Northern Central, and operated as 
part of its system the Green Spring Valley line. Later, however, the line was continued to Fulton 
Station, and then the Green Spring l)ranch was turned over to the Northern Central 

The entire line from Fulton Station. Baltimore, to Williamsport was completed in lS7.i, in 
December of which year the road was opened throughout for traffic. Two years later the Western 
Maryland gained an entrance into the heart of Baltimore via the Baltimore and Potomac tunnel and the 
tracks of the Northern Central, and an extension was con.structed from Union Station to Hillen Station, 
where the city erected a depot for the railroad's use. As soon as the Western Maryland had succeeded 
in reaching the territory that it had originally been planned to open up, there began a period of healthy 
expansion. Railroad lines were projected in various directions along the line, and these in time were 
either acquired or leased. The Cumberland Valley road was begun in 1S77, having as its purpose the 
connecting of the Western Maryland with the Reading system at Shippenslnirg, and when completed 
was leased to the Western Maryland Company, which began operating it on July 5, 1880. Several 
profitable feed lines, which had been fostered by the Western Maryland, were consolidated in 1886 as 
the Baltimore and Harrishurg Railway Company, which came under control of the Western Maryland. 

The Company absorbed on November 1, 1905, the Potomac Valley Railway, the Western 
Maryland Tidewater Railroad, the Coal and Iron Coke Railway, and the Belington and Beaver Creek 
Railroad. The Potomac Valley Railroad Company had been formed in 1890 to build an extension from 
near Williamsport, Md., to the Baltimore and Ohio's lines at Cherry Run, W. Va. The Tidewater line 
was built in conformity with the terms of the sale by Baltimore of its interest in the Western Maryland, 
and affords the railroad a line to the waterfront. The system has been combined with that of the West 
Virginia Central and Pittsburg, giving an entrance into the richest coal districts of West Virginia, and 
also more recently with the George's Creek and Cumberland. At the same time construction is 
progressing on the lines with which it is purposed ultimately to connect the Western Maryland and the 
Wabash's terminus near Pittsburg. This later phase of the Western Maryland's development began 
when the Fuller SjMidicate purchased from Baltimore City its interest in the Western Maryland, in 1902, 
the syndicate representing the controlling interests in the Wabash, who had long sought an entrance 
into the East that would carry the Wabash to the Atlantic seaboard. The present Western Maryland 
operated on May 1, 1906, nearly four hundred miles of railway which it owned and one hundred and 
fifty miles of leased lines. 

Of the smaller lines operating in the State : The Maryland and Penns}h-ania, connecting York, 
Pa., and Baltimore, has a total length of 78.7 miles. The company was formed on February 14, 1901, 
through a consolidation of the Baltimore and Lehigh and the York Southern Railway companies, and 
earns annuall3' $372,565 gross. The Baltimore and Annapolis Short Line owns 22 miles of track 
between Annapolis and Cliffords, on the Baltimore and Ohio, and has a track right into the city over 
the road of the latter line The company's gross earnings amount to $165,400 a year. This company 
also operates a short branch line between Annapolis and the United States Naval Academy Another 
line, extending from Annapolis Junction to Annapolis, and known as the Annapolis, Washington, and 
Baltimore Railroad, connects the capital of the State with Baltimore and Washington. The Chesapeake 
Beach Railway extends from Chesapeake Junction, D. C, to Chesapeake Beach, Md., a distance of 32 



10b THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

miles, and has trackage rights over the Baltimore and Ohio from Chesapeake Junction to Hyattsville. 
This company earns annually $63,354.00 gross. 

These smaller railways, however, must be regarded more as sectional enterprises than as trans- 
portation systems which concern the State generally. They serve their territories satisfactorily ; but 
they are not important factors in advancing Maryland among the commonwealths of the Union, as are 
the three big systems. One of these three — the Western Maryland — is still in a formative stage: the 
other two have apparently for a time given up thought of increasing the length of their lines that they 
may devote entire attention to the subject of betterment. Both the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore and 
Ohio are investing vast sums in improving the condition of existing lines and in constructing a new 
Union Station in Washington. The Western Maryland, too, is making extensive improvement in 
Mar3'land in straightening its lines and lowering its grades from Baltimore to Emory Grove and in 
laj'ing down a double track. With these three roads in the State rapidly approaching a stage of great 
improvement, Maryland is indeed fortunate in the railway accommodations afforded not only the people 
in Baltimore and the more imjiortant cities ; but in suburljan and rural sections as well. 



XTvanspovtation in flDav^lanb**Matev 

^^^'J^,^^^^ ROM her geographical position and physical features it would appear that nature es]iecially 
^ y-, ^5 designed Maryland for a maritime State. The Chesapeake Bay, breaking the conmion- 
^5*5 wealth into two parts, seemed ready to assume a dual role in the development of the land 
^)^>^<>^ stretching out from its banks on the east and on the west. To the sea-captain, with his 
reasonable fear of coasts though the mid-ocean had no terrors for him, the great inlet held 
forth an inviting hand ; its channel was deep, its scenery picturesque, and, what was more, it was a 
haven of safety through which he could leisurely seek his way to port. It was this aspect of the Ches- 
apeake Bay which opened to Maryland the door of the world's commerce. The second phase of the 
State's natural endowment as a maritime power was the fact that this expansive body of water, which 
divides the commonwealth in halves, and the Potomac river, which sweeps the western boundary of 
the State, afforded unequaled means for handling the agricultural and commercial products of every 
corner of the State. 

In the handling of freight, the railroad is not an equal comjietitor of the boat. Where a natural 
waterway is found, a transportation line maj- operate with boats at a comparatively small initial outlay, 
and its operations begin without delay. The railroad, however, means enormous outlays for construc- 
tion, a considerable laj^se of time between the beginning of a line and its completion, and finally such 
heavy operating exjiense as will not permit it to compete with a water transportation company except 
where haste in delivery is of primary importance. And thus appears the extent of Maryland's natural 
advantages — bay and rivers, with their many inlets and tributaries, and magnificent harbors provided 
the elemental requisites for a world-wide commerce. How far Maryland availed herself of the.se oppor- 
tunities is found written in the substantial and progressive cities and towns which overlook the rivers 
and bay ; in the highly developed farmlands which stretched inward from the water's edge; ami in the 
many ships which touch the local ports, exchange cargoes with other States of the Union, or travel to 
the four corners of the earth in the great cause of international commerce. 

The maritime historj' of Maryland begins with the first chapter of the colony's authentic story, 
for it was the ship which placed upon Maryland soil the first adventurers and settlers and saved them 
from suffering and loss like other colonies. And it was not long before the ship became a commercial, 
as well as a social factor; for the colony began to engage in agriculture, and the products of the soil 
were more abundant than local consumption required, and the colonists began an export trade to offset 
in a measure the import trade which had begun when the first settlement was effected. 

The importance of shipping to the life of the Province soon impressed itself upon the people, and 
in time they began to realize the great benefit that would accrue if tliey engaged in building shi]is. The 



THE OLD TOWN NATIONAL BANK 

CORNER GAY AND EXETER STREETS :: :: BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 



UNITED STATES, STATE AND CITY DEPOSITORY 



CAPITAL $200,000.00 

SURPLUS AND PROFITS 75,000.00 

AVERAGE DEPOSITS 1,300,000.00 



. . Letters cf Credit Issued, Payable in All Parts of the World . . 



OFFICERS 

JACOB W. HOOK, --.-.. President 
DAVID E. EVANS, - - . . Vice-President 

HENRY O. REDUE, ------ Cashier 

BOARD OF DIRECTORS 

Jacob W. Hook Louis E. Bartel 

Robert Fusselbaugh J. Henry Snyder of C. 

Aaron Benesch David E. Evans 

Robert T. Gill Henry A. Brehm HENRY oTredUE, 





George Schilling 



Baltimore, Chesapeake & Atlantic Ry., 
OCEAN CITY. MD, 



And points on Eastern Shore of Maryland and Virginia. 



Maryland, Delaware & Virginia Ry*, 

And points on Eastern and Western Shores of Chesapeake Bay. 
Delightful tours arranged for three days, and all the week trips. 
Visitors to the Jamestown Exposition will find these trips especially 
enjoyable. Ask Mr. Foster about them. For full particulars apply to 



T. MURDOCH, Gen. Pass. Agt., 
PffiR 2, LIGHT STREET BALTIMORE, MD. 



THI<: C R O \V x\ OF THE CHESAPEAKE 




Nl 



Wahash Pikr 



venture into the ship-building indus- 
try soon passed the experimental 
stage, and eventually Maryland in- 
genuity and perseverance developed 
an almost perfect type of sailing 
boat — the Baltimore clipper. "Their 
admirable forms for the combination 
of stability with great speed and for 
holding their course; their long and 
slender masts, and their unusually 
large spread of canvass, cut perfectly 
that none of the propelling force of 
the wind was lost or wasted, pre- 
sented a rig exactly adapted to the 
model of their need, and won them 
favor all the world over." The ship 
service of Maryland at the first was ]>y no means regular, Init the foundation was being laid to the 
State's commercial career and also for improvement in the manner of connecting the various parts of the 
State with each other and with other sections and countries. 

Before the introduction of steamboats, the traveller by water from Baltimore, either North or 
South, had to seek accommodations on the old packet-boats. These vessels would carry him as far as 
inside navigation would permit, where he was met by stages to continue his journey either to his desti- 
nation or to some other sailing-boat point. As early as 1804, a regular packet service was begun 
between Baltimore and Philadelphia: the Baltimore sloops going as far as Frenchtown, from which 
place the passengers and freight were carried to New Castle, where they were taken aboard another 
sloop and continued on to Philadelphia. A rival packet line was started in 1808, which used as its 
stage-line points, the head of tlie Elk River and Delaware City. These two companies were consolidated 
as the Union Line in 1810, and three years later steamboats superseded the sailing vessels. In 
announcing this change, the Union L,ine advertised that the steamboat acquired for the run out of 
Baltimore "has performed her first trip this day to Frenchtown and back in 24 hours — a distance of 140 
miles." Truth is, the distance was but 120 miles, and the boat had an average run of 5 miles per hour. 
A steamboat service from Baltimore to Norfolk and Richmond was begun in 1815; and about the 
same time was established a regular steamboat service between Baltimore and Annapolis. In 1818 the 
shipping business of Baltimore expanded so as to reach Talbot County regularly. For some time there- 
after great advances were made in the character of steamboat service, although Baltimore was long 
satisfied with the extent to which its water transportation line had been expanded. At this time the 
city and the ports generally of the Chesapeake were reached by occasional boats, both sail and steam, 
and this irregular service constantly increased. In 1849 a regular service was begun between Baltimore 
and South Carolina, and in 1856 a steamship company established a line of boats between Baltimore 
and Boston. Although Baltimore was reached more or less frequently with ships from foreign ports, it 
was not until 1865 that a regular service between the citj- and a foreign port was begun. The very first 
ship which came to America from Europe had touched in Baltimore, on its waj^ to New York. This 
was in 1838, when an English boat, which had made the trip to Jamaica in the hope of engaging in 
packet service and found the field unpromising, continued its way to the United States, touching first 
at Norfolk, and then at Baltimore. The regular international service started in 1865, connected Balti- 
more with Liverpool, and was operated by a company which was later succeeded by the North 
German Lloyd. 

These steamer routes, established in the early days of power boats, have advanced to a high 
standard through the succeeding years; while many new lines have been created. One of the first lines 
started — that between Baltimore and Philadelphia — by the canal — continues today, and does an enor- 
mous business in both the freight and passenger departments. The old connecting stage, however, has 
disappeared, and along its route there is the picturesque stream of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, 



SHAW BROTHERS 1 



COAL 



No. 10 SOUTH STREET, 



MADE IN 
BALTIMORE 



HESS' 




BemchMaq? Si 



SUPERIOR 
FOOTWEAR 



BALTIMORE, 



MD. ! 



^e have established our reputation 
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N. HESS & BRO., Factories, Fayette and Harrison Sts. 

RETAILED BY 

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8 Baltimore Street, of ch!rles 

BALTIMORE, MD. 



WHEN YOU ORDER BEER 

At Cafe, Hotel or Restaurant, let it be a Bottle cf OUR NEW BRAND, 



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FAMILY ORDERS 

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G.-B.-S. BREWING CO., central AVE. and fawn... 



Leading Retail Establishments of Baltimore. 





[IrTzi.ER Brothi;ks 



Stewart & Co. 




piTTi 'iffff mm }} 





HOCHSCHII.D, KOHN & Co. 



Joel Gutman & Co. 



THE CROWX OF THE CHESAPEAKE 111 

so that the Baltimore and Philadelphia Steamboat Company- carries its passengers and freight through 
to Wilmington, Delaware, and Philadelphia. It is southward, however, that Maryland has developed 
the greatest interstate commerce, and there are several lines of steamers which connect the Monumental 
City with Virginian ports. The Baltimore Steam Packet Company (The Old Bay Line) reaches Norfolk, 
Portsmouth and near-by Chesapeake towns. The Chesapeake Steamship Company operates a com- 
petitive line, reaching the group of cities circling Norfolk; and also has the York River Line, which 
runs between Baltimore and Richmond via West Point, Virginia. Finally, there is an almost daily 
sen-ice between Baltimore and Norfolk on the several lines of the Merchants and Miners Transportation 
Company, thus giving the .shipper and traveller between Baltimore and Virginia the service of practically 
three boats each way a day. The Merchants and Miners Company has an extensive system of inter- 
state service, its boats out of Baltimore reaching Savannah, Georgia; Providence, Rhode Island; and 
Boston, Massachusetts; all of them touching at Norfolk, both on the outward and the return trip. 

All of Maryland's cities and towns upon the Chesapeake are connected with Baltimore, and to a 
large extent directly with one another by numerous lines of steamers. Although the separate lines were 
at first independent of one another, by expansion and acquisition their control has been much central- 
ized, and todaj' the Pennsylvania Railroad is, through several subsidiary companies, the largest operator 
of steamboats plying between different points upon the Chesapeake bay. The lines controlled by this 
company are untler the direct management of two concerns, the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic 
Railway Company, which is affiliated in interest with the Pennsylvania; and the Maryland, Delaware 
and Virginia Railway, which is controlled by the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Company by the 
ownership of a majority of its stock. Both concerns operate railroad lines upon the Eastern Shore of 
Maryland in connection with their steamers. 

The Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railway Company was organized in 1894 as successor 
to the Baltimore and Eastern Shore Railroad, the Eastern Shore Steamboat Company, the Maryland 
Steamboat Company, and the Choptank Steamboat Company. Its present system extends to Cambridge, 
Claiborne, Crisfield, Denton, Deal's Island, Easton, Oxford, Pocomoke City, Salisbury, Snow Hill, 
Trappe, etc. The floating equipment includes sixteen passenger and freight steamboats and the entire 
service comprises a total water mileage of 1,131 miles. The Maryland, Delaware and Virginia Railway 
Company was formed in 1905 to take over the properties of the Queen Anne's Railroad Company, the 
Weems Steamboat Company, and the Chester River Steamboat Company, with 14 passenger and freight 
steamers. The company operates 1,039 miles of water lines, reaching Centreville, Chestertown, Denton, 
Love Point, Rock Hall, and touching numerous Western Shore towns by its lines upon the Patuxent, 
Potomac and Rappahannock rivers. 

The Tolchester Company, in addition to its summer service to Tolchester Beach — a resort on the 
Eastern Shore — has four lines of passenger and freight steamers — the Annapolis and West River Line, 
the Little Choptank River Line, the Sassafras River Line, and the Port Deposit Line ; the latter touch- 
ing at Betterton and Havre de Grace as well as Port Deposit. In addition to these larger steamboat 
companies, there are a number of little transportation companies whose boats ply regularly on the 
Chesapeake and its tributaries. There are also many thousand sailing vessels which in winter traverse 
the Chesapeake with cargoes of oysters, grain, lumber and coal, and which in the warmer seasons carry 
fruits and vegetables from the Maryland farms to Baltimore and other markets. The Bay is well dotted 
with these small craft, which, while adding their mite to the commerce of the State, contribute a con- 
siderable share to the advantages and attractions of the great water-way of Maryland. 

In addition to the Merchants and Miners, the several Norfolk lines, the Richmond company, and 
the lines operating northward via the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal to Wilmington, Philadelphia 
and New York, there are a number of regular lines running out of Baltimore to American and foreign 
ports. The North German Lloyd operates its Baltimore-Bremen line between the Monumental City 
and European ports, and the steamships of this company are big factors, not only in the commercial 
affairs of the State, but in bringing to the port of Baltimore great numbers of immigrants. The Atlantic 
Transport Company and the Donaldson, Johnston and Blue Cross lines of steamships, transact a large 
part of the European trade of the United States. The Baltimore and Carolina Steamship Company 
forms a link between Baltimore and the seaports of North and South Carolina, and the United Fruit 



Prominent Baltimore Firms. 





Jl NKINS .V JiNklNS 




Clark & Company. 



^muk:. Kirk" & Son Com 



THE C R O \\- X OF THE CHESAPEAKE 



imore and Jamaica and the 



Company's steamships do a big freight and passenger business between 
West Indies. 

The fact that three companies are able to operate with jirofit separate dailj- steamer service Ije- 
tween Baltimore and the great seaport towns of Virginia is sufficient evidence of the extent of Maryland's 
trade with the South. The frequency with which Baltimore steamboats run to the larger Maryland 
towns upon the Chesapeake is suggestive of an enormous exchange of freight with these centers, while 
the earnings of the larger companies is conclusive te.stimony of the profitableness of the business. The 
trade through the canal with the northern cities, and also the business of the outside domestic steam- 
ships speaks of close and desiraV^le relationship with the northern traders. And the army of little boats 
carrying their cargoes to the Monumental City, and there exchanging them for manufactured articles, 
need no other witness as to the prosperity attending their endeavors than the fact that their number is 
constantly increasing. 

But it is the ship which comes through the capes from across the sea — from Europe, from Africa, 
and from South America — loaded with articles the nation imports, and which sails away again with 
American products ; which contributes mo.st to Baltimore standing as a seaport town and to the 
sum total of America's yearly business. In the year 1905 there entered Bahimore from foreign ports 80 
sailing vessels, wMth a total tonnage of 42,502, and 638 steamships, with a total tonnage of 1,182,458. 
Of these steamships England was represented by 266,026 tons ; Cuba with 227,639 tons, and Germany 
with 215,377 tons. Sixty-three sailing vessels cleared from Baltimore for foreign ports, having a total 
tonnage of 27,228; while 627 steamshi])s, with a tonnage of 1,222,470, loaded in Baltimore for foreign 
lauds. Of the outgoing steamships Germany had the largest representation in tonnage, being 301,989, 
while England was second, with 286,375. The incoming cargoes had a value of $21,181,239; while 
the freight carried off was worth $91,215,058. In other w^ords these ships added in the twelve months 
of 1905, $112,396,297 to the total of exports and imports of the United States. This is Baltimore's 
share in the foreign trade of America. 




Freight Shed and Coal Pieus, Port Covingtox, ox the W. :\I. R. R. 



Leading Newspapers of Baltimore. 




"111115 D ^1 gffsr ff 





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Wkmr m 

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Kv^^^-ING Nkws. 




German Cork 



ilDav^lanb Hi3vicultiue anb IfDovticulture 

1^1^^.'^^^' tlie sisterhood of American commonwealths Maryland has long been classed as pre- 
K< J 1^ eminently an agricultural State. Although the remarkable growth of its manufactures 
1^ |>5 during the past half-century has, in a measure, taken from agriculture its absolute 

*"i.<)^^)J^ supremacy; yet the fact remains that, because of the products of the soil, rather than the 
output of the factories, the commonweahh still holds a large share of prominence. Mary- 
land has still many peers and not a few superiors in manufacturing, as is to be expected, on account of 
the longer development of this industry in other States. But in certain features of her agricultural 
development, Maryland stands among the very first of the nation, in point of excellence, of the things 
grown and the i)roductiveness of her soil. 

In Maryland there are 46,012 farms, of which all but 646 are improved and under cultivation. 
These farms boast an aggregate acreage of 5,170,075, and have a value of $120,367,550. This sum does 
not, however, include the investment in buildings, which represent an additional $54,810,760 ; nor 
implements and machinery at $8,61 1 ,220; nor the live stock worth $20,855,877. There is, in short, 
invested in the great agricultural industry of Maryland a capital of $204,645,407. This vast capital 
returned to the farmer in the last census year a crop valued at $43,823,419, gross, from which is deducted 
$8,769,890, as the value of iiroducts fed to cattle, leaving a net crop from the farm valued at $35,053,529, 
the amount of products actually sold. This return in money is somewhat decreased, however, by the 
wages of the farm laborers, amounting in a year to $5,715,520, and the outlay for fertilizers, showing a 
further expense of $2,618,890 annually: which deduction, however, is slightly offset by the constant 
aiijireciation in value of the land. 

These figures indicate an average crop for the farms of Maryland of $952, from which the pro- 
portionate amount for products led to stock, for labor and for fertilizers must be taken. There are, of 
course, many very small farms in the State, producing ju.st enough for the families living thereon to 
subsist upon; and while these small farms do not contribute materially to the sum total of Maryland's 
agricultural ]iroducts, by their inclusion in the number of farms they reduce considerably the averages 
of ])roduction for the more characteristic farms. There are in the State nearly nine thousand farms, or 
about 19.5 per cent, of the total numlier, which do not produce more than $250 worth of crops a year. 
These represent, to a large extent, the holdings of laborers who are not dependent upon farming for a 
livelihood, l)Ut who aid the women-folk of the household in raising a small crop, supplementing their 
wages. 

At the same time there are also a number of small farmers in the State who, though devoting 
their entire attention to fanuing, still operate on a very small scale, and are content if the land they till 
produces just sufficient to maintain them and their families in such necessaries of life as they do not 
produce. These agriculturists are in the class which grow an annual crop valued at from $250 to $500, 
and number in Maryland 11,030, or 24 per cent of the total. Somewhat more than 44 per cent, of the 
farmers, however, show an annual ])roduction valued at from $500 to $2,500. Of this number there are 
nearly eleven thousand which belong to the class of $500 to $1,000 and somewhat less than ten thousand 
in the class from SI, COO to $2,500. And, finally, four per cent., or 1,867 of the farms, have an annual 
])roduct exceeding $2,500 in value. 

The farms of the State naturally vary very considerably in size. In the more thickly settled sec- 
tions, where the farm is close to the city, they are as a rule smaller; in the isolated portions of the State, 
where cereals or tobacco are grown, they reach the greatest extent. The farm most commonly encoun- 
tered is that containing between lOO and 175 acres, of which there are 11,543 in the State, while the next 
most popular size is that in which there are less than 100 but more than 50 acres. There are, of course, 
a number of very small farms, containing less than 20 acres, which are as a rule cultivated by the 
smaller farmers already referred to. Of the larger farms there are 8,659, which range in size from 175 
to 500 acres, and 670 containing more than 500 acres. 



116 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 



An altogether satisfactory feature of agriculture in Maryland is the excellent showing made in 
the matter of farm ownership. There reside on the 46,012 farms in the State 47,089 farm families, and 
of this number about two-thirds own the land they live upon. On the other hand, of the one-third of 
all farmers who do not own their farms the bulk are tenants upon shares, which means that many of 
them should properly be classed simply as overseers, and that the farms snould be credited to the owner 
class. 

The gross value of farm products in Maryland, amounting to $+3,823,419, is made up of 
$29,016,607 for crops, $1,'^, 606, 450 for animal products (which include the dairy), and $1,170,362 for 
forest and orchard. Of the 46,012 farms which arc cultivated in the State those reporting one princip.d 




course of income are: Livestock, 11,897; hay and grain, 10,458; vegetables, 4,718: dairy products, 
3,0+1; tobacco, 3,056; fruits, 1,694; flowers and plants, 121; nursery products, 15; sugar, 15; and 
miscellaneous, 10,997. 

Of the twenty-nine odd million dollars worth of cro]is grown annually in Maryland, cereals con- 
stitute $14,505,992, or 49.9 per cent., while of the total acreage in all crops there are 1,368,265, or 67.3 
per cent, in cereals. This division of the agricultural history of Maryland is therefore of first impor- 
tance; it comprises corn, wheat, oats, rye, buckwheat and barley. Of these various crops, however, 
corn and wheat are so far in the lead that they practically stand in a class of their own, the corn cro]i of 
recent years constituting 48.1 per cent, of the total product of cereals, and that of wheat amounting to 
46.4 per cent. 



Mercantile Trust & Deposit 
Company of Baltimore 

GERMAN AND CALVERT STS. 



e^ 



CAPITAL AND SURPLUS 
== $5,950,000 =^=- 



d^ 



JOHN GILL 

PRESIDENT 



In'erest allowed on Deposits in Banking 
Department. 



BONDS 

Government, State, County, City 
and choice Railroad bonds bought 
and sold. 

FOREIGN EXCHANGE 



TRUST... 
DEPARTMENT 

Acts as Administrator, Executor, 
Guardian, Conservator, Assignee, 
Receiver, Transfer Agent and Reg- 
istrar ; makes investments and acts 
as agent in collection and disburse- 
ment of incomes. Trust funds and 
trust investments are kept separate 
from the assets of the bank. 



Mercantile Trust & Deposit 
Company of Baltimore 





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118 THK CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKK 

The corn crop of Maryland has held its relative position among the cereals for many years, the 
48.1 per cent, of 1900 having been preceded by 47.3 per cent, in 1S90, and 48. 2 in ISSO. Wheat grow- 
ing, however, has made a noticeable advance in the past decade, jumping from 41.2 per cent, in 1890 to 
46.4 per cent, in 1900. Oats, on the other hand, have declined somewhat in point of average, falling 
from 8 per cent, in 1890 to 3.2 in 1900; and rye has also declined from 2.8 in 1890 to 1,6 in 1900. The 
value of the cereals has not been entirely in accordance with the percentage of the cereal crop which 
the various grains constituted; thus, for instance, in point of market value, corn compri.sed 51.4 per 
cent, of the return for all cereals; wheat, 44.7 per cent.; oats, 2.4 per cent., and rye and buckwheat each 
less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 

The cultivation of small grains as a branch of the agricultural industry of the State has advanced 
constantly since the middle of the nineteenth century. In 1850 the crop of cereals amounted to 
17,817,119 bushels; and in 1860, 24,256,289. In 1870 there was a falling off because of the war, but in 
1880 the decrease had been fully recovered, the crop totaling 26,199,100 bushels. There was a slight 
decrease again in 1890, though in 1900 the crop was only a little less than thirty-one million bushels. 
The decrease of 1890 was due to a lessening of the acreage of cereals, and this makes the .showing in 
1900 all the more encouraging, for, ahhough the acreage in that year was 10,011 less than in 1880, the 
production was 4,786,836 bushels more. 

The increase in the corn crop has been steady from 1850, with the exception of 1870, when the 
results of the war were shown in this and most other crops. In the years from 1850 to 1907 the corn 
production has been almost doubled from ten million bushels to something less than twenty million 
bushels. Wheat has shown a similar advance, the crop of 1850 having been 4,494,680 bushels, as com- 
pared with 9,671,800 in 1900. The cultivation of oats has not kept pace with the progress of corn and 
wheat. The crop of 1850 amounted to 2,242,151 bushels. Ten years later it had advanced to almost 
four million bushels, but since that time the growing of oats has gradually decreased until in 1900 the 
crop was but 1,109,560 bu.shels. Rye-growing has also made no progress of note, the figures for 1900 
being only slightly in advance of those for 1850, while the crop of this cereal reached its record mark in 
1860, when a harvest of more than twice the size of 1900's production was recorded. The buckwheat 
crop has varied considerably with each succeeding decade, and in 1900 was about midway between the 
high and low record. Barley, on the other hand, has been winning favor steadily with Maryland 
farmers, and has grown from its humble beginning of 745 bushels in 1850 to 42,560 bushels in 1900. 

The cultivation of corn is evenly distributed throughout the State, Frederick County taking the 
lead and being followed in the order named by Carroll, Baltimore, Montgomery, Washington, Queen 
Anne, Harford and Cecil, all of which produced between one and two million bushels with the exception 
of Frederick County, which grows 2,279,040. The cultivation of wheat is more sectional, Garrett 
County producing the largest amount for any single county, showing 1,314,280 bushels ; while Queen 
Anne, Washington and Carroll Counties followed with a production ranging from 808,180 bushels to 
972,640. Garrett County also leads in the production of oats, followed — though not very closely — by 
Cecil, Baltimore and Harford Counties. Carroll County was first in the production of rye with Balti- 
more County .second ; Garrett County produced much more than half of the total Inickwheat crop, and 
Carroll County grew more than half of the barley crop. 

The increase in Maryland's cereal production has been steady, though conservative, during the 
last half of the nineteenth century and the opjning years of the twentieth century ; but the development 
of the branch of agriculture which is concerned with the growing of vegetables has been almost phe- 
nomenal. In this particular division of farm products the Old Line State stands out pre-eminent among 
the commonwealths of the Union. fVo Maryland belongs the amazing distinction of containing the first 
three counties in the entire Union in" point of the largest area devoted to the cultivation of vegetables ; 
Harford coming first with 16,750 acres; Anne Arundel .second with 15,029, and Baltimore County 
third with 11,637 acres. In point of value for miscellaneous vegetable crops Baltimore County leads 
with $918,535, followed by Harford County with $619,294, and Anne Arundel with $618,397. 

There exists many reasons, both natural and otherwise, why these three Maryland divisions and 
their sister counties should attain prominence among the counties of the nation in the production of 
vegetables. The enormous green market which is found in Baltimore City, and the even larger green 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 119 

market which is found in the northern cities through Baltimore, is one reason for Maryland's growth in 
vegetable farming, although this is not the most important contributor to that growth. It has been 
rather the canning industry of the State, which supplies an avenue for the profitable disposal of an 
enormous amount of vegetables, which has nourished with such remarkable success this branch of 
Maryland's agriculture. 

In most sections of the country where the farmer is dependent upon green markets for the sale of 
his products, he finds that prices are low and the demand small at these very times when he is best able 
to offer the market large supplies of vegetables; while at those seasons when prices advance and the 
demand becomes urgent, which of course occurs when he is unable to supply his immediate market, 
then the products of distant farmers, especially of the South, are attracted. In Maryland, however, the 
vegetable has now two independent markets. When there is a good demand in the green market, the 
farmer can place his products on sale there and obtain for them more than is generally paid by the 
canning establishments; but when crops are l)Ountiful and the demand of the green market is far less 
than the supply, he is not forced to permit his crops to rot on the vine or stalk — a common state of 
affairs in many States — but he is able to dispose of any of his products which are not salable in the 
green market, or of all of his products, to the canning concerns And the prices paid by those establish- 
ments are so satisfactory that many farmers, especially off the route of direct transportation lines to the 
cities, prefer to dispose of all their vegetables to canning concerns and farm with this object only in view. 

Of course the number of farms devoted exclusively to growing of vegetables in Maryland is 
still small, though relatively large, and it is increasing with great strides. 6.6 per cent, of all Maryland's 
farms grew only vegetables compared with just 2 per cent, of the farms of the entire country given over 
to the same class of farming. Maryland stands second among the States of the Union as reporting 
next to the largest acreage in mi.scellaneous vegetable farming, being 91,262 acres, while the value of 
market-garden products, including small fruits, increased from $1,057,116 in 1889 to $4,766,760 in 1900 
or .S.SO per cent. 

The three vegetables which have been most affected l)y the canning industry of Maryland are 
tomatoes, corn and peas. In the cultivation of tomatoes, Harford County showed the largest acreage 
for any county in the country, while in the same list Caroline and Baltimore counties are fifth and sixth 
respectively. In the growing of green peas Anne Arundel county, with a total area in the vegetable of 
.S,448 acres, has nearly three times as much land in this product as any other county in the United 
States, while Baltimore County ranks third. In the cultivation of sweet corn Harford County ranks 
.second in the country, and the State of Maryland stands fifth among the States. 

Some indication as to the extent to which these three vegetables have been influenced by the 
canning industry is given by the figures of the canning establishments in both the State and in the 
nation. In 1865 .Maryland packed less than 8,000 cases of vegetables of all kinds; but by 1889 the 
number had grown to 671,333 cases. The development of the canning industry has, however, been 
most marked since that time, and in 1889 Maryland packed 2,793,522 cases of tomatoes, or 31.4 per 
cent, of the canned tomatoes for the entire country, and this percentage has been considerably increased 
in the subsequent years. 

In the report of canned corn for 1889 Maryland and Virginia were placed together, and the two 
States then show^ed an annual pack of 400,104 cases; ten years later, in 1899, Maryland by itself packed 
852,859 cases of this vegetable, while the entire country reported only 6.365,967 cases, with Maryland 
in the fourth place. In the canning of peas Maryland ranks first with 758,431 cases of the nation's 
total of 2,758,431. 

The production of potatoes in Maryland has much more than douliled in the past fifty years, 
Baltimore County leading with an annual crop of 356,256 bushels and Carroll County being second. 
The sweet potato crop has increased from 208,993 bushels in 1850 to 677 ,848 bushels in 1900, with 
Anne Arundel County first in point of production, followed by Prince George and Worcester Counties. 
Baltimore County ranks fourth in the Union for the cultivation of spinach and fifth for cabbages. 

Although the growing of tobacco has not made any noticeable advance in Maryland in late 5'ears, 
the crop has held, with occasional interruption, its grip, upon this branch of American agriculture. 
The cultivation of tobacco is one of the oldest — if not the oldest — agricultural pursuit to which Mary- 



THE FIDELITY TRUST CO. 

N. W. Cor. Charles and Lexington Sts., Baltimore, Md. 



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Dwelling and business property carefully 
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. . . OFFICERS . . . 

EDWIN WARFIELD President JOHN H. WIGHT, . . .3rd Vice-President 

VAN LEAR BLACK, . . 1st Vice-President HARRY NICODEMUS, Secretary and Treasurer 

THOMAS A. WHELAN, . 2nd Vice-President THOMAS L. BARRY. Asst. Secretary and Treasurer 

F HOWARD WARFIELD, - - Trust Officer 

. . . DIRECTORS . . . 

Edwin Warfield H. Carroll Brown Solomon Frank Lloyd Lowdnes Robert Ober Clarence W. Watson 

Van Lear Black William A. Dickey Frank A. Furst Seymour Mandelbaum John Walter Smith Thomas A. Whelan 

Joseph A. Bol"iano Fred'k W. Feldner E. Stanley Gary James D. Mason Simon H. Stein Morris Whilridge 

Herman E. Bosler Charles E. Fink M. Gillet Gill J. V. McNeal George Warfield John H. Wight 



landers addfessed their attention for farming on a large scale, and through most of the commonwealth's 
career, both as colon}' and State, Maryland has been prominent because of her tobacco, although today 
she ranks only eighth among the States of America. As early as 1S25 Maryland grew in one year 
15,000 hogsheads of tobacco: by 1841 the crop had increased to 41,000 hogsheads; and in 1860 it 
reached the record figure of 51,000 hogsheads. The Civil War resulted in a decided reduction of the 
crop in Maryland, and in the closing year of the conflict — 1865 — Maryland grew only 25,000 hogsheads. 
By 1878 the product had resumed somewhat of its earlier proportions, when 46,000 hogsheads were 
sold; but in 1890 the low-water mark was reached, and Maryland reported only 14,000 hogsheads. By 
1900, however, the crop had been almost doubled, for there were grown in that year 24,589,400 pounds 
of tobacco, as against 12,356,838 for 1890. Charles County is the centre of tobacco growing in Mary- 
land, this section producing 5,584,560 pounds, while Prince George County is only about forty thousand 
pounds behind. Calvert and St. Mary Counties followed; and these four divisions of Maryland are 
credited with producing the bulk of Maryland's tobacco. 

The cultivation of hay and forage grasses in Maryland has kept pace with the increasing demands 
for feed both upon the farm ai'id in the cities. Although there has not been any great or sudden increase 
in the size of crops of this branch of the agricultural pursuits, yet the acreage and production each year 
has shown somewhat of an advance. In 1880 there were 259,511 acres sown in grasses, as compared 
with 374,848 in 1900, in which latter year 415,197 tons of hay were cut. Frederick County leads the 
State in the production of miscellaneous grasses, followed by Baltimore County and Carroll County; 
these three counties contributing 126,439 of the 316,229 tons of miscellaneous grasses grown. Of the 
70,539 tons of clover, Frederick produced 10,189, Carroll County 7,512, and Baltimore County 7,164. 

Fruit growing, which has long been an important feature of Maryland's agricultural pursuits, 
has enjoyed considerable development in late years. The value of both small and large fruits in the 
State, including the yield of tree, vine and bush, amounts to $2,490,385 a year, of which $1,266,047 is 
for the fruit of orchard, $+3,282 for grapes, and $1,181,054 for small fruit. The peach held undisputed 
first place among the fruit croiis for many years, and it still leads in point ot the total number of trees 



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CHARLES STREET AVENUE 
BALTIMORE 

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Academy of the Visitation 

Established 1S52 

CATONSVILLE, MARYLAND 

( Near Baltimore ) 

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Address DIRECTRESS 


Mount St. Agnes College 

FOR YOUNG WOMEN 
MT. WASHINGTON, BALTIMORE CO., MD. 

CONDUCTED BY THE SISTERS 
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System of education thorough jnd progressive. 
There are four courses in the CoUege. QuaUfied 
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Mt. St. Joseph's College 

CONDUCTED BY THE 

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Ideal Situation, iust beyond the Western 
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MT. WASHINGTON, BALTIMORE CO., MD. 

CONDUCTED BY THE SISTERS 

Charmmgly Located Send for Catalogue 


SESSION BEGINS SEPTEMBER 9th. 


For Catalogue, Address 

BROTHER ISIDORE, Director. 

Station D, Baltimore. Md. 


AIMS AT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE 
BEST IN THE YOUNG MAN 



T H K CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 



cultivated; but there seems an apyiarent tendency in certain sections to substitute tor it the apple and 
pear, which thrive better in Maryland, while the cultivation of peaches seems to be attracting more and 
more the attention of farmers further southward. 

Although there were reported 6,113,287 peach trees in Maryland in 1890, in 19C0 there were only 
4.017,854. On the other hand, the apple, which is next in importance to the peach, showed an increase 
from 1,297,239 trees in 1890 to 1,824,183 trees ten j-ears later. The pear, too. is being much more 
extensively cultivated in Maryland than in former years, and showed an increase from 274,543 trees 
growing in 1890 to 690,483 in 1900. Of the less important tree fruits, plums advanced in the decade 
from 13,865 trees to 100,695, apricots from 912 trees to 2,010, and cherries from 34,541 trees to 70,014. 
Kent County leads Maryland in the production of peaches, reporting in 1900 more than twice as many 
bushels of the fruit as its immediate second, which was Dorchester. Baltimore County is first in the 
cultivation of apples, with an annual crop of 360,529 bushels, although it was closely followed by 
Frederick and Carroll Counties, each of which grows more than 350.000 bushels. The cultivation of 
apples is very evenly distributed throughout the State, the total crop amounting to 3,150,673 bushels. 




ViKw From Bltk Mot nt.\in Huisk 



Kent County leads in the production of pears, with 105,458 of the 301,702 bushels for Maryland to 
its credit, while Baltimore County conies second. The bulk of the grapes cultivated in Maryland 
are grown in Frederick, Washington and Baltimore Counties, while Baltimore and Carroll Counties 
lead in the production of cherries. 

Of vine and bush fruits the strawberry is easily the most popular, and has done much to spread 
the agricultural fame of Maryland. In the State there are 7,499 farms growing this fruit, producing- 
annually 24,035,640 quarts of berries, or 9.3 per cent, of the crops for the entire country, giving Mary- 
land first rank among the States. Anne Arundel County ranks third among the counties of the United 
States for area in strawberries, and Wicomico County fifth. In size of crop Anne Arundel County is 
first with 7,031,380 quarts; Somerset County with 4,245,110 quarts is second, and Wicomico County is 
third with 4,136,710 quarts. In the production of blackberries Caroline County ranks first in Mary- 
land, Anne Arundel County second and \\'icomico County third, these three counties producing 
1,399,960 of the entire Maryland crop of 1,713,680 quarts. Anne Arundel County grows 390,780 quarts 
of raspberries and Caroline County 288,890 of the 1,450,250 quarts produced in the Slate. In the 
cultivation of Muskmelons Maryland ranks fifth in point of acreage, and Anne Arundel County ranks 
first in the State. Anne Arundel County is fifth among the counties of the country in the cultivation 
of watermelons, while Baltimore County leads the State for both gooseberries and currants. 



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124 T H E C K C) W N O F T H K C H K S A P li A K H 

That hrancli of agriculture and horticulture whicli is concerned with the cultivation of flowers 
and plants, contributes to the annual value of agriculture in Maryland $355,862. Of this amotuit the 
City of Baltimore and its suburbs received the greater ])ortion. Baltimore florist establishments 
received for plants and flowers $191,899, and establishments in Baltimore County report a further 
$101,272. There are in the State 1,044 establishments or farms reporting land under glass for the 
cultivation of plants and flowers, and these have an area of 2,183,.S90 square feet. In addition to the 
mone>' paid for flowers and jilants the concerns devoted to nursery products annually contribute 
$123,474 to the State's agricultural industry. 

There are two aspects to the live stock of farms in Maryland; First, the animals which are used 
only for labor upon the farm or for dairy products; second, those animals which are raised solely for 
the meat market. The live stock value of domestic animals in Maryland had increased in value from 
$15,865,728 in 1880 to $19,636,844. This latter figure does not, however, include poultry, which rep- 
resents a value of $1 ,158,020, and increases the total for live stock to $20,855,877. Of the horses in 
Maryland employed for farm work there were 118,000 in 1880, 130,000 in 1890, and in 1900 
148,994, with a value of $9,352,694. Seventeen-odd thousand mules on farms in the State represented 
a capital of $1 ,394,522. Of the 306,710 neat cattle in Maryland the major portion were dairy cows of 
more than two years old. The average worth of farm horses is $62.77; that of mules, $79.64, while 
the average for all cattle is $23.42. Maryland farms reported 191,101 sheep, valued at $696,531 , and 
317,902 swine, worth $1,329,143. In the total value of livestock Baltimore County was first, with 
$2,148,008, and njxt in order came Frederick, Carroll, Montgomery, Harford and Wa.shington Counties. 

There are two divisions to the animals raised for slaughter, that of money obtained for cattle on 
the hoof, and the further amount received for meat killed on the farm. The total value for animals dis- 
posed of in 1900 was $4,545,747, of which amount $2,372,560 was paid for li\-e stock. Frederick 
County led the State in this branch of the live stock production, with $373,365, and was followed by 
Washington, Harford, Montgomery and Carroll Counties. For animals slaughtered on the farm the 
total was $2,173,197, with Frederick County again first, Carroll County second, and Washington and 
Baltimore Counties, respectively, third and fourth. 

Closely allied with the live stock interests are, of course, the dairy industries of the State, and 
the almost unlimited market which is afforded the dairy-farmer in the State has caused this particular 
liranch of agricultural pursuits to flourish greatly in the counties close in touch with Baltimore. 
In the State in 1900 there were 3,041 dairy farms, which gave ])asturage to 23,533 cows, while upon 
farms devoted to general crops there were 120,751 milk-giving cows. The total dairy products 
for the year— which included milk, cheese and butter — were valued at $5,228,698, of which 
the amount consumed on the farms was worth $1,709,854, and the portion sold $3,518,844. Of 
the 64,040,517 gallons of milk obtained in the year, 20,654,446 gallons of milk and 743,429 
gallons cream were sold, while of the balance 31,838,317 gallons were utilized for butter, 
439,989 for cheese, and 10,364,336 gallons were consumed on the farm. In the producti(jn of milk, 
Baltimore County led with 10,370,501 gallons, followed by Frederick and Carroll Comities. In the 
production of butter, PVederick County was first with 1,493,740 pounds, with Carroll County second, 
and Baltimore County third. Baltimore has somewhat of a monopoly on the Maryland cheese industry, 
which is, however, chiefly confined to the making of curd cheese. The poultry raised in the State in 
1900 was worth $2,077,490. There were 12,511,450 dozens of eggs produced with a value of $1,572,682. 

The entire field of agriculture in Maryland is most encouraging. There has been in almost 
every branch a satisfactory advance, while in several of the divisions there has been a mighty move 
forward, and from all indications the advance position will not only be held against any reactionary 
movement, but the success will be pushed on steadily. Not only are the farms productive, but the 
farmers find ready markets for their crops and products, and those markets are of such a nature as to 
insure favorable prices. While the State may soon become one of the foremo.st manufacturing common- 
wealths of the nation, it is not probable that Maryland will ever lose her prestige as a leading 
agricultural section. 



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^av\>lanb'8 Splcnbib jfinancial Sbowiiu3 

^^^>^^C(J.M I'REHKNSIN'E story o( Maryland's financial affairs, while lacking, i.erhaps, some of the 
$4 A 1^ s'amor of popnlar history, reveals the State as a governmental organization in a much more 
^ ^ humane aspect. An account of the political life of any one of the American States must lose 

^^^'^ at times individuality, as States after all are somewhat gregarious, and are conscious that 
each is only one part of a body having many members, and are apt to act occasionally in con- 
cert with these other members. In financial affairs, however, Maryland was forced to take her course 
independently. There was neither precept nor precedent to serve as a guidepost; and she was prevented 
from waiting for other commonwealths to direct or to take the road in company with her, because her 
way was a new one, and the conditions which prevailed in her l)orders were not identical with those in 
other States. 

For this reason a chronicle of Maryland's financial career may be accepted as one index to the 
character of Marylanders, since on every page of her financial history — stretching from Revolutionary 
days to the present time — there is displayed some trait of her people in the role of Marylanders as differ- 
entiated from Americans of other States. In no other division of the Commonwealth's history is the 
individuality of the State brought forth in more striking outlines. This individuality at times uncovers 
features which had, perhaps, more agreeably been left concealed: but in bj- far the major portion the 
individuality of Maryland, as shown by her financial history, is a source of credit to Marylanders past, 
and a source of pride for Marylanders present, and to come. 

Maryland State finances had their rather humble beginnings in the day when war was being 
wagetl on the American continent for a sustainment of the Declaration of Independence. The govern- 
ment machinery of the province had been taken over by the newly-created State, and upon the credit 
which Maryland could command because of her fund of Bank of England stock, the State was generous 
in her contributions to the cause of the American Revolution. With the first call to arms, troops fully 
equipped for warfare were dispatched northward to join the forces under Washington. Subsequently, 
although the Continental Congress was supposed to be the proper authority for prosecuting the war, 
Maryland rendered signal and constant aid to the army in the field. Soldiers were armed, provisions 
were supplied and transportation for anyone was furnished who came u])on the Continental Army's 
business, all at the expense of the vState. 

The infant Commonwealth, with a few English securities in its purse and its heart full of 
patriotism, spent one as lavishly as the other, but while its patriotism sprang from an unquenchable 
fountain the limitations of the fund were very apparent. But when Maryland sought to balance her 
cash book at the end of the war, she learned to her dismay that England had determined to repudiate 
all the credit which the State had banked on. Then resulted the act of reciprocity on the State's part 
which declared confiscated all property belonging to English subjects who had not been favorable 
toward the coloni.sts in their struggle. While this act was practically one of self-defen.se, the State did 
not assume the rental rights of the deposed proprietary, as she might very justly have done. 

American national affairs under the Federation did not run smoothly. The States conducted 
their own customs bureaus and collected the duties for their personal use, while the central government 
had neither authority nor financial resources. Even under the Con.stitution of the United States, which 
was devised as a better instrument for joining under one common governmental head the several States, 
the central government did not for some time know the joy of being allowed sufficient spending money 
for its needs. During the time that it was in poverty the administration was forced occasionally to turn 
to the States for individual aid. Maryland once more showed the openhandedness of her nature, and 
Wa.shington frankly confessed that should the Old Line State fail him, then there would be left him no 
quarter from which he might hope to receive financial aid for the Federal Government. 

In 1788 the General Assembly of Maryland made the national government a gift of the tract of 
land which is now known as the District of Columbia. The following year the State contributed the 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 127 

sum of S72,Oni) — which in the eighteenth century was no inconsiderate amount — for the erection of 
public buildings to house the Central Government, and for the purpose of raising this mouej' public lands 
belonging to the commonwealth were sold. During the administration of Gov. John H. Stone, in the 
closing years of the eighteenth century, Washington appealed to Maryland for further aid, for, although 
the public buildings had scarcely been started, all available funds had been exhausted. And Mary- 
land's response was a series of loans which totaled one quarter of a million dollars. And in 179S 
between $50,000 and $100,000 was raised by Maryland for the purpose of building shijis and forts for 
nse by the United States in the then threatened war with France. 

Compared with the other States, Maryland has been somewhat of a spendthrift at the instance of 
the Federal Government, but in the second decade of the nineteenth century she was to be repaid with 
ingratitude. When the preparation for the second war with England — 1812-1815 — was begun, Mary- 
land gave offence to the national administration by her own State elections, and during the conflict the 
State's repeated calls for aid in the way of forts, soldiers and .ships were refu.sed, although other States 
were granted whatever they asked for within reason. Maryland, however, at her own expense sent 
armies to meet the oncoming enemy. The commonwealth put itself heavily in debt to iierform other 
duties which the national government should have performed, and contributed more than her share to 
the success of the conflict. In later years the federal treasury reimbursed the State for part of her out- 
lay, although Maryland was required to bear a large part of the expense herself. 

From the close of the second war with England to the middle of the nineteenth century, is, how- 
ever, the eventful period of Maryland financial history. This was the period of great and reckless 
internal improvement. The nation was becoming conscious of its commercial possibilities. A few ex- 
periments with improved means of transportation had shown great results in the way of reducing freight 
rates, increasing commerce, and developing the inland territory. Work was at first undertaken upon 
the construction of turnpikes, and the legislature of the State contributed liberally toward this object. 
Between 1820 and 1830, the craze for artificial waterways reached its full career, and money was actually 
poured into canal projects. In the closing years of this decade — 1820-1830 — there began the craze for 
railroad building, and shortly after 1830, when steam was introduced as a means of locomotion, the 
country went wild upon the question of railroad construction. 

This madness for internal improvement swept from one end of the land to the other, Init it seemed 
to linger longer in Maryland than elsewhere. In earlier years the State had been able to obtain revenue 
from the sale of public lands, but then her commitments had been comparatively small. Now, how- 
ever, with little thought for the future, Maryland began to assume enormous obligations. Turnpikes, 
canals, and railroads required the expenditure of great sums of money before they would begin to 
produce any revenue whatever, and Maryland pledged herself to aid these enterprises, resting easy in 
the belief that when interest fell due upon her bonds there would be sufficient revenue returning to the 
States Treasury to meet the obligations. Other improvements were projected and the State immediately 
consented to give liberally to them. Some of these enterpri.ses were eventually completed, others were not. 

Maryland became heavily involved in the movements to build a railroad to Washington, another 
to New York, another on the Eastern Shore, another to the Susquehanna, and still another to the Ohio 
river, and at the same time was interested in the movement to build a canal to the Ohio. The State, 
Baltimore City and some of the counties permitted themselves to be loaded down with debt to raise 
funds for indiscriminate improvements. The crash finally came between 1835 and 1845. The transpor- 
tation companies' stock was bringing no revenue to the State, but the commonwealth was called upon 
to meet the interest upon its debts, and the people of the State who had not heretofore known the burden 
of direct taxation, sent up a mighty protest when the State sought to resort to this means of extricating 
itself from its dilemma. 

The City Register of Baltimore, in his report of 1842, called attention to the fact that " a few 
years since . . . our entire issue of stock was less than a million, and the other engagements of 
the city were very limited . . . but we now have fourteen different issues of stock, amounting to 
upwards of five millions ; " the result of tlie city's aiding the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and also the 
Baltimore and Suscjuehanna Railroad, which latter line formed the nucleus of the Northern Central 
Railway. Marj-land, with a revenue not any too ample for administrative expenses, was brought face 



128 THE CROWN OF THK CHESAPEAKE 

to face with the problem of raising $600,000 annually a year for interest alone. The money had been 
appropriated and spent, and now there remained not only the debt, but the necessity of carrying that 
debt with its startling interest burden. The people then became restive and resentful, and agitation to 
repudiate the State's debt began but it was unsuccessful. 

The State rose superior to the great temptation and her credit was vindicated forever. In 1837, 
when the financial affairs of the entire nation were in a chaotic condition because of the opposition of 
Jackson's administration to a continuance of the Bank of the United States, Marjdand stood forth in an 
admirable light. Throughout the country there was a general suspension of payments by banks and 
the country was bankrupt. Financial institutions with one accord locked up in their safes all the 
monej' they had on hand, and national currency was practically withdrawn from circulation. Private 
firms began to issue notes of their own, which became known as "shin-plasters" — a term selected as 
indicative of their value. At this time Maryland, with a courage that was almost startling, announced 
that the State would pay all creditors in gold or silver. This rule was maintained as long as there was 
money in the State Treasury, and, although the commonwealth was finally forced to give up its righteous 
purpose, the incident shows the true character of Marylanders in fidelity to their financial obligations. 

It was, however, an unusual condition which confronted the people in 1840. The State was 
practically bankrupt, and to attempt to save her credit seemed an impossible undertaking. In the years 
from 1832 to 1837 the Commonwealth's debt had been increased to $12,000,000. Prior to 18-11, the 
largest amount of taxes asked from the people to maintain their government in any one year had been 
$60,818. Now, however, the people were threatened with direct taxation sufficient to produce $600,000 
every year. The legislature had for some time been aware of the need of providing new sources of 
revenue, but it delayed and temporized until 1841, when a law was passed that imposed a tax of 20 
cents for the first year and 25 cents for the next three years upon every assessable one hundred dollars' 
worth of real and personal property. By this means it was thought that $456,000 per annum could be 
raised, while the remaining portion of the required amount was to be obtained from other sources. But 
the people of Maryland refused to pay the tax imposed ; and the collectors, holding themselves the 
.servants of the counties in which they labored instead of servants of the commonwealth, declined to 
collect the taxes. Furthermore, the $300,000,000 estimate of property liable to taxation, dwindled 
down to $177,139,645. 

In January, 1842, the State was forced to pass the interest on her debt. The interest on this debt 
increased steadily, being $859,656 on December 1, 1842; $1,171,872 on December 1, 1843, and $1,450,961 
on December 1, 1844. In the meantime George Peabody, who had been a citizen of Maryland for 
twenty years of his life, and who had been largely instrumental in disposing of Maryland's bonds in 
Europe, urged upon the State the desirability of keeping her financial record clean, and tendered his 
assistance. For the yeoman service which he rendered the State in selling her securities, and later in 
maintaining her reputation, he refused to accept compensation, "expressing himself fully paid by the 
gratification of seeing the .State free from reproach in the eyes of the world!" 

In the meantime the State determined to accept the passed coupons of her bonds in payment of 
taxes, and with the improved business conditions that came early in the forties she soon re-established 
• her credit. On December 1, 1844, the State Treasurer paid in interest to the public debt $701,784, which 
was $55,263 in excess of the amount falling due. This improvement continued until January, 1848> 
when cash payments of interest were resumed. Since that time Maryland has been constantly strength- 
ening her position financially. The struggle that accomplished the defeat of any attempt at repudiation 
gave new life to the State, and she has since forged ahead steadily, until to-day Maryland stands in a 
class all her own among the States. She is practically free from debl. " The gross debt of the State at 
the close of the fiscal year ended September 30, 1905," according to the report of Comptroller Atkinson, 
" was $8,526,926.13. On September 30, 1906, it was $6,167,926.13. The net debt of the State on Sep- 
tember 30, 1905, was $3,087,869.13, and the net debt in September 30, 1906, was only $838,201.41, and 
this is based on the par value of the stocks " held by the State, " when, as a matter of tact, the premium 
on the Northern Central Railway Company annuity of $1 ,500,000 would more than cancel the entire 
State debt." 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 



129 



This is the story of Maryland's victory; here the honesty of her people triumphed over obstacles 
almost insurmountable. In 1842 the Commonwealth, burdened down with debt and unable to meet her 
maturing obligations, was discouraged and somewhat discredited. In 1907, Maryland, with "the State 
debt virtually cancelled," and " with a surplus of $1,500,000 in the treasury," is brave of heart and 
commands unsurpassed credit. Indeed, the financial affairs of the Commonwealth were so flourishing 
in 1906 that the Legislature of that j'ear reduced the State tax from 23 >^ cents to 16 cents on each $100, 
which tax is solely for the benefit of the public schools of the State. 

There is a parallel of Maryland's financial progress since the day of threatened repudiation in 
those financial resources of the State which are independent of State finances. The most important 
financial factor is, of course, the national bank. There were in operation in Maryland on November 
12, 1906, 94 national banks, of which 18 were in Baltimore and 76 elsewhere in the State. These 
institutions reported a total of outstanding loans and discounts of $74,297,235.47, and their aggregate 
resources at the time of making the report to the comptroller of the currency were $143,600,604.84. 
The paid-in stock of these banks was $17,381,800, while they had a surplus fund of $9,778,913.16 and 
undivided profits to the amount of $3,140,035.07. 

One of the most interesting features of the statistics of the national banks is the recent growth of 
these institutions in small towns. Since the act of March 14, 1900, which was favorable to the organi- 
zation of lowly capitalized national l)anks, went into effect, there has been a very encouraging growth 
in such banks in Maryland, and from the period March 14, 1900, to October 31, 1906, 32 national 
banks were organized in the State. 

Both the savings banks and the trust companies of the State have been exceptionally prosperous. 
There were fifteen savings banks in Maryland in 1905, with a total number of 151,656 depositors, whose 
aggregate deposits aggregated $62,859,423. Within the next twelve months, although the total number 
of these institutions remained unchanged, the number of depositors had been increased to 161,458, and 
the aggregate deposits were $70,677,477. The available re.sources of State banks and trust companies 
added to those already enumerated, place Maryland upon an admirable financial basis. The value of 
property subject to taxation has advanced from $177,139,645 in 1842 to $680,743,794 in 1904; but it 
touched a new record in 1906, when the assessable basis for taxation became $738,762,000 With the 
prosperous condition of the State's finances, with the Gibraltar-like strength of both national and State 
banking institutions, and with the unsurpassed resources of manufacturing, commercial, mining and 
agricultural industries, the State of Maryland has reached an enviable position indeed in the matter of 
financial stabilitv 




Harper's Ferry, W. V.\. 



Millions in ^anutactuves 

^>^^|>^OR LONG YEARS the more northerly' comnionwealtlis of the Union were accepted by 
^ rr i^ common consent of the American people as the manufacturing States of the country, and 
^ ^ in time the public mind became so thoroughly imbued with the rightfulness of such 

i^^)^|§ monopoly that, apparently, it never occurred to Americans — North, South, East or West — 
that any other section of the land could ever become a competitor with them therein. The 
development of manufactures in the New England and Northern Middle Atlantic States was altogether 
natural, as in these States where the climate is cold and the land less fruitful, settlers found the industry 
of converting raw materials into finished products more profitable and more secure than the cultivation 
of crops. On the other hand, the more southerly the latitude, the more fertile becomes the soil, and so 
the southern settler, naturally though not of necessity, directed his energy to agricultural pursuits. In 
this way the nation continued and developed for many decades ; the Northerner purchasing from the 
Southerner, though often at a price unprofitable to the latter, the products of his plantation, and con- 
verting them into manufactured articles from the sale of which he accumulated vast profits. The 
Northerner looked to his fellow-countryman of the South to patronize him ; secured himself against the 
competition of foreign manufacturers by imposing a prohibitive tariff ; gained control of the nation's 
purse-strings, and so was able to dictate both the price at which Southern planters should sell their raw 
materials, and the price which they should pay for finished products of Northern make; and, at last 
conscious of his prosperity, consoled himself with the assurance that for all time he should profit by the 
sweat of the brow of the Southern Planters. 

And the man of the South bore patiently with the things imposed upon him, apparently indifferent 
'to or negligent of the fact that there existed no absolute need for his dependency upon the Northern 
manufacturer. True, his land was fertile and there was great productiveness in cultivating it ; but 
because nature had made the Southland pre-eminently fitted for agaiculture there was no wisdom in 
disregarding its almost equally great facilities for manufacturing. Truth is, while the Northern States 
must needs always be dependent upon other sections for the raw materials consumed by their manufac- 
tories, the South had within her borders natural resources which would permit her to be entirely 
independent. The North was rich in safe harbors ; but the South had equally attractive ports. 
Northern streams were able to turn the wheels of countless factories ; but their power did not excel 
that of Southern streams, which only waited to be tamed and made the menials of man. Northern hills 
were stored with vast supplies of metals and also coals for smelting them ; but the ores and coal 
deposits were neither richer nor more abundant nor convenient than those in the South. In brief, the 
South, bountifully blessed by nature for agricultural pursuits, had also been especially endowed with 
natural aids for a great manufacturing section. The truth of this did not dawn upon the Southerner in 
a day; it has not, perhaps, fully dawned upon him even now — Init it is dawning, and with each fresh 
ray of light that is cast upon his unsurpassingly rich country, there is put in motion another manufac- 
turing wheel in the Southland, which in time will mean an improved market for the products of the 
Southern planter, as well as a new field of activity for the Southern wage-earner in the creation of a 
widespread demand for factory operatives. The South may never surpass the North as a manufacturing 
center, but there is every reason to believe that before the close of this twentieth century it will have 
deprived the North of its supremacy. With the prospect of equalling the North in manufacturing 
industries and at the same time continuing its position of importance as the agricultural country, there 
is held out a promise of prosperity to the States south of the Mason and Dixon Line which surpasses 
anything that other sections of the country dare hope for. 

Maryland is linked inseparably with the South, so that the prosperity of the one belongs to the 
other, and the success of either is the success of both. Although on the supposed borderland between 
North and South, in sentiment the Old Line State is by no means a border State. Its position, indeed, 
is rather that of the protector of the sister States of the Southland. In time of conflict, the arm of 
Maryland was raised not to strike the North, but to shield the South. In time of peace the energy and 
capital of Maryland has been lavishly bestowed on the Southern States, not to draw out their life-blood, 
but to aid them in developing their territory, conscious always that when the South prospered Maryland 



JAMES S. GARY & SON 



ALBERTON MILLS 



Manufacturers of 



COTTON DUCK 

Sail Duck, Army Duck, Wide Duck (fL^T^^X Awning 
Stripes, Ticking, Osnaburgs, Etc. 

SPECIAL FABRICS TO ORDER AND FOR EXPORT 



'20 to 724 Equitable BIdg., Calvert and Fayette Sts., BALTIMORE 




13. 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 



must also prosper. This close relation between the State of Maryland and the Southern States of 
America is revealed on every page of the history of either Maryland or the South ; and therefore it is 
but natural that parallel with the story of the South's awakening to its possibilities as a manufacturing 
section, there should have been a quickening of manufacturing enterprise also in Maryland, which is in 
a large measure the banking center of the South, as well as the market place for its products and the 
distributing point for its interstate imports. The war between the States was responsible more than 
any other cause for bringing to the Southern mind the section's unsurpassed facilities for manufacturing 
industries ; and from almost the same period or shortly before the actual outbreak of hostilities, dates 
the marvellous advance of Maryland as a manufacturing State. Regarded in earlier years as especially 
adaptable to agricultural pursuits, the Old Line State has within the past half-century made an irresist- 




Br 



ible advance toward the front rank of manufacturing States, and at the ]iresent time her onward march 
reveals an ever-increasing energy. 

On the eve of the Civil War, in 1860, Maryland supported 3,083 manufacturing establishments, 
the bulk of which were comparatively small. Ten years later, at the time of the 1870 census, this num- 
ber had been increased 88.5 per cent, when there were in operation 5,821 manufacturing establishments. 
From 1870 the manufacturing industrj^ of the State continued to develop steadily, showing 6,787 estab- 
lishments in 1880; 7,485 in 1890, and 9,879 in 1900. But the mere figures concerning the number of 
establishments cannot rightfully be regarded as a criterion liy which to estimate the State's development 
as a manufacturing center. The total amount of capital invested in manufacturing enterprises is the 
gauge by which to measure Maryland's progress thereon. There was invested in manufacturing plants 



H. L. Haines C. T. Marston E. B. Gregg 

J J. Haines & Co. 

ESTABLISHED 1874 

IMPORTERS OF CHINA AND 
JAPAN MATTINGS 

Manufacturers of and Wholesale Dealers in 

Cedar Ware, Cordage, Brushes, Brooms, Baskets, Mats, 

Paper, Sieves, Twines, Flasks, 

Carpets, Floor Oil Cloths, Linoleums, &c. 


John J. Greer Charles S. Dell 


John J. Greer & Co. 


BAR IRON AND STEEL 

207 and 209 W. PRATT ST. 

r.^oV:r^/ET^ BALTIMORE 


Wooden and WiUow Ware House 
^'nS'?.™"'sS.1'' BALTIMORE, MD. 


DUKE, PETERSON 
HARDWARE CO... 

113 and US W.German Street 

IMPORTERS AND JOBBERS OF 

HARDWARE, Cutlery 
GUNS, Etc. 


L R. AMOS & CO. 

BOOK BINDERS 


BLANK BOOK 
MANUFACTURERS 

J- 

RULING A SPECIALTY 

200 N, HOLLIDAY ST, 



134 THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

in 1850 a total of $14,934,450. At each succeeding decade, when the national census was taken, the 
money invested in manufacturing enterprises showed a marked and steady increase, amounting to 55.6 
per cent in 1860, 56.9 per cent in 1870, 61.2 per cent in 1880, 103.7 per cent in 1890 and 36.3 per cent in 
1900 ; and there has been a proportionate increase in the opening years of the twentieth century. At 
the last national census, that of 1900, there was reported a total capital invested in manufacturing con- 
cerns of $163,147,260. The concerns canvassed showed an annual product valued at $242,552,990, and 
they employed on an average 108,325 officials, clerks and wage-earners, to whom were paid salaries 
amounting to $38,748,551. 

The fifteen leading manufacturing industries of the State comprise factory-made clothing, fertil- 
izers, flouring and grist mill products, foundry and machine products, canning and preserving of fruits 
and vegetables, factory-made furniture, iron and steel, lumber and timber products, planing mill 
products, including sash, doors and blinds, canned vegetables and oysters, paper and wood pulp, ship- 
building, slaughtering and packing of meats, textiles and tobacco. In point of value of output the 
most important of these fifteen industries is the manufacture of factory-made clothing. In this industry 
Maryland ranks as the fifth State of the Union, while in the manufacture of men's clothing only, factory 
product, it ranks fourth. The establishments making men's clothing give employment to 9,725 opera- 
tives, who receive annually in wages $3,179,069. There are in all 139 such concerns having a total 
invested capital of $8,458,116, and showing an annual production valued at $17,327,825. Second in 
rank is the fruit and vegetable industry, which includes the enterprises engaged in both canning and 
preserving. In this field of activity there are employed 7,505 laborers, who receive each year in salaries 
$1,379,131, and the product of those labors is valued at $11,996,245 a j'ear. 

The tobacco industry, which includes the manufacture of cigarettes, gives employment to 4,311 
wage-earners, who receive in salaries $1,306,427 annually, and shows an annual production valued at 
$9,896,928. The iron and steel industries have an annual production valued at $8,739,405 and employs 
2,138 laborers. Foundry and machine products, the output of slaughter and meat-packing concerns, 
and flouring and grist mill products each totals more than $8,000,000 annually, their values 
being respectively $8,443,547, $8,046,359 and $8,053,343. These form the seven leading industries of 
the State, and are followed, in the order named, by textiles, with an annual production of $7,155,722; 
fertilizers, with ^5,481,905; shipbuilding, with $4,161,525; planing mill products, with $3,553,083; 
factory-made furniture, with $2,976,494 ; lumber and timber products, with $2,650,082 ; paper and wood 
pulp with $2,589,540, and oysters (canning and preserving), with $2,417,331. In the last-named 
industry, that devoted to the canning and preserving of oysters, and in the manufacture of fertilizers, 
Maryland ranks first in the Union ; in the building of iron and steel ships and in the canning and pre- 
serving of fruits and vegetables the State ranks second. Maryland's oyster industry represents an 
investment of capital of $799,005 as against a total investment for the entire country of $1,240,696; and 
her annual product, valued at $2,417,331, is the greatest part of the product for the entire country, 
which has a total value of just $3,670,134. 

The fifteen leading industries enumerated embrace 2,015 establishments, which is 20.4 per cent of 
the total number in Maryland, and the capital invested, $62,283,110, is 38.2 per cent of the State's total. 
These fifteen industries engage 43.3 per cent of the wage-earners employed by Maryland manufactories, 
or 46,930 operatives, to whom are paid in salaries each year $15,688,630, or 40.5 per cent of the total for 
the State. Their aggregate production is valued at 42.7 per cent of the value of manufactures for 
Maryland. 

There are many interesting features about the changes which have been wrought in the manufac- 
turing conditions of Maryland in the decade from 1890 to 1900; changes which had not been completed 
in the latter year, but which are still going on. In the industry of second importance in the State — that 
of canning and preserving fruits and vegetables — there were 271 establishments in 190O as compared 
with 197 ten years earlier; but, while there had been employed in 1890 a total of 13,048 wage-earners, 
the number employed in 1900 amounted to only 7,505, which is indicative of a changing from cheap 
and unskilled labor to experienced workers. At the same time the capital invested showed an increase 
from $2,739,008 in 1890 to $4,459,660 in 1900, while there was a phenominal advance of more than 50 
per cent in the value of the product, being $11,996,245 in 1900 as against $7,196,109 in 1890. In the 
clothing manufacturing industry there was also a decrease in the number of operatives accompanied 



CONSOLIDATED 
COTTON DUCK r OMPANY 



CONTINENTAL TRUST BUILDING 
=BALTIMORE, MARYLAND= 



CHARLES K. OLIVER President .... HORACE L. SMITH. Assistant Trca 

DAVID H. CARROLL. Vicc.Prcsidcnt and Treasurer C. SINGLETON GREEN, Secretary 



COTTON DUCK « 



FOR EXPORT AND 
OME TRADE 



PRODUCING THE FOLLOWING BRANDS: 

"MOUNT VERNON." ' WOODBERRY," " ARETAS," "ONTARIO," " FRANKLINVILLE," 

"LAUREL," "DRUID MILLS," "STARK," "LA GRANGE," "YELLOW JACKET,' 

"POLHEMUS," "TURNER MILLS," "HARVESTER," "GREENWOODS," 

IMPERIAL, RAVENS, BEAR, TALLASSEE, HARTFORD, BUFFALO, ELKWOOD, RICHLAND, 

YEMASSEE, LAKE ROLAND, PARNETON, PARKSIDE, MONTANA, 

AVONDALE, EXCELSIOR. 



MANUFACTURERS OF OVER NINETY (90i PER CENT. OF THE WORLD'S 
COTTON DUCK 

SAIL AND YACHT DUCKS for All Marine Purposes. NAUGHT OR MINING DUCKS. U. S. ARMY 

STANDARD DUCK, 28', Inches Wide. PAPER FELTS, and PRESS CLOTH, All Widths 

and Numbers. COTTON CANVAS for WAGON COVERS, TARPAULINS, Etc. 



OUR SPECIALTY: 

DUCK FOR BELTING, HOSE AND ALL OTHER KINDS OF MECHANICAL RUBBER GOODS 

Aso Makers of 

HARD. MEDIUM AND SOFT SEINE AND SAIL TWINES, COTTON ROPE 
AND SEAMLESS GRAIN BAGS. 

All Goods Manufactured from Best Quality of American Cotton. 



136 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 



with an increase in the vahie of product, although in this particular it was not as pronounced as in the 
figures covering canning and preserving. In those several industries where iron, either in ore or man- 
ufactured state, is employed, there was also a remarkable progress, prefacing the time when the Southern 
States — from Maryland to Alabama — shall be an important factor in this great and profitable industry 
which heretofore has been confined largely to other sections. In the manufacture of iron and steel, 
Maryland showed a value of product of $8,739,405 in 1900, while in 1S90 the production had totaled 
only $2,869,208 in value, and in the decade the industry advanced from approximately the eleventh in 
importance in the State to the fourth place. The value of foundry and machine products increased in 
the same period from $4,925,672 in 1890 to $8,443,547 in 1900. The Maryland shipbuilding enterprises, 
which are concerned primarily as far as value of product is concerned, in the construction of steel and 
iron ships, showed a value of product of $4,161,525 in 1900 as against $1 ,737,674 in 1890. The concerns 
either conducting wholesale slaughtering houses or engaged in packing meats increased from 17 estab- 
lishments in 1890 to 82 establishments in 1900, and showed an advance in the value of products from 
$4,670,690 in 1890 to $8,046,359 in 1900. 

These figures indicate the progress that has been made in all manufacturing industries in Mary- 
land, for the manufacturing branches which do not rank among the first fifteen as enumerated have 
been equallj' progressive in most cases. The commonwealth, once regarded as destined to give her 
greatest energy to agricultural pursuits, has thus advanced to a position of great importance among the 
manufacturing States of the Union. Her agricultural interests have not, however, been neglected, for 
their product increased from $26,443,364 in 1890 to $43,823,419 in 1900. At the same time in this 
period the value of manufacturers increased in value from $171,842,593 to $242,552,990. In 1880 the 
factories of the State were provided with 51,259 horse-power available for their use, while in 1900 this 
had been increased to 141,879 horse-power. And with the progress in all other particulars, there has 
been a marked advance in the compensation of the wage-earner. The 74,945 operatives employed in 
1880 were paid $18,904,965; but in 1900 the pay-roll of 108,325 employes totaled for the year $38, 748, 551. 
These figures, stripped of that dryness which usually attaches to .statistics, assume the shape of words, 
and tell of Progress, Prosperity and Promise. 




Nati<)N-.\i. Monumkn 



Zbc foob State 

^l^^^-'^^^'LAND lays claim to peculiar distinction as a food State. Her ten thousand manufac- 
^ IVT ^ turing establishments, with an annual output of products valued at nearly a quarter of a 
^. f^ billion dollars, place Maryland among the manufacturing States of the Union. The crops 

rfL<'S>^*<)^i* °^ Maryland's superb farms, totaling in value in the course of a year nearly forty-five 
million dollars, justify the term agricultural State in connection with the Commonwealth. 
Combining both of these industries— in part, that is, taking the farm products which are edible in their 
raw state with the output of those establishments which are engaged in converting raw materials into 
food — Maryland produces an enormous amount of food matter. In some instances it is difficult to esti- 
mate accurately the amount of food material which is obtained from one agricultural product, since it 
may appear in both classes — as a farm product which is eatable in the raw state and as an article which 
is utilized as food material by the manufactories. This is particularly true of certain vegetables, which 
are sold green and which are also extensively canned. It is no less true in the matter of many fruits, 
which come under the class of agricultural products for food, and also manufactured articles in their 
canned and preserved state. Except, however, for these few difficulties, it is possible to reach a com- 
paratively accurate estimate of the amount of food matter which is actually produced within the State of 
Maryland in the course of a year. 

The vegetal)les which are sold to the householder uncooked naturally come first in the list. Of 
these Maryland produces every year: 1,991,357 bushels of potatoes, 677,848 bushels of sweet potatoes, 
13,442,630 heads of cabbage, 333,538 bushels of green peas, 6,297,620 bushels of tomatoes, 1,133,348 
bushels of sweet corn, 98,446 bushels of lima and string beans, 60,944 bushels of cucumbers, 10,441 
l)Ushelsof lettuce, 367,928 bushels of .spinach, 29,392 bushels of kale, 56,148 bushels of onions, 12,849 
bushels of beets, 3,062 bushels of carrots, 362 bushels of parsnips, 8,313 bushels of turnips, 21,060 
Ininches of radishes, 21,050 heads of cauliflower, 183,480 bunches of asparagus, 40,376 eggplants, 4,280 
pumpkins, 36,320 squashes, 75,290 bunches of celery, 4,754 bushels of white beans, and 12,459 bushels 
of big peas. 

What proportion of these would fall to every Marylander if the State should distribute to every 
citizen an equal share of her products? Of course, the family in that case would be accepted as the unit. 
Maryland at the last national census contained 1,188,044 people, who were comprised in 242,331 families, 
the households in the State averaging 4.9 members each. To each family, then, in the State consisting 
of both parents and a fraction less than three children, would be given vouchers upon the State granaries 
for the following amount of green vegetables in the course of twelve months: 32.8 pecks of potatoes, 11.2 
pecks of sweet potatoes, 55.47 heads of cabbage, 5.5 pecks of green peas, 103.94 pecks of tomatoes, 18.74 
pecks of sweet corn, 1.62 pecks of green beans, 1 peck of cucumbers, .17 pecks of lettuce, 1.5 pecks of 
spinach, .89 pecks of onions, .21 pecks of beets, .05 pecks of carrots, .006 pecks of parsnips, .13 pecks 
of turnips, .008 bunches of radishes, .086 heads of cauliflower. .48 pecks of kale, .75 bunches of 
asparagus, .16 eggplants, .017 pumjikins, .18 squashes, .31 bunches of celery, .079 pecks of white beans 
and .2 pecks of big peas. 

While a large part of the cereals raised in Maryland are consumed by the mills engaged in 
manufacturing flour and by grist mills, the material used by these establishments by no means exhausts 
the State's product of grain. It is, however, permissible to regard as food matter only that grain which 
is manufactured within the Commonwealth into either flour or meal or other commodity which is 
available for use by the housewife. The flouring and grist mills of Maryland have an annual output of 
1,475,416 barrels of wheat flour, 9,831 barrels of rye flour, and 403,390 barrels of corn meal. They also 
produce 2,149,058 pounds of buckwheat flour, 70,400 of barley meal, 11,234,589 pounds of hominy and 
53,109,242 pounds of waste. This would entitle every family of the State to 1,191.68 pounds of wheat 
flour, S.S2 pounds of rye flour, 325.36 pounds of corn meal, .29 pounds of barley meal, 8.8 pounds of 
buckwheat, 46.36 pounds of hominy, and 219 pounds of waste. 



138 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 




Gei 



Lee's Headoi^akters at Gettysburg. 



A portion of the dairy 
products also appears in the 
statistics of Maryland twice, 
since in the amount of milk 
available for consumption the 
gross production is naturally 
reduced to the extent that it is 
drawn upon for the manufac- 
ture of butter and cheese. The 
latter item is of no great mo- 
ment, but in the manufacture 
of butter a large part of the 
milk produced on Maryland 
farms is consumed. There 
are obtained from the cows 
ui)on dairj' and other farms in 
the State in the course of a 
year 64,040,517 gallons of 
milk. The State produces 
more than nine million pounds 
of country made butter and 
more than two million pounds 
of factory made butter, giving 
a total butter production of 

11,638,378 pounds. The cheese output amounts to 338,453 pounds a year. These three items of food if 

distributed equally among the population would give to every family 264 gallons of milk, 48 pounds of 

butter and 1.4 pounds of cheese a year. At the same time the annual production of eggs is 12,511,450 

dozen, which would entitle every family to 619.5 eggs in the year. 
There are three 

sources from which is 

obtained the meat i)laced 

upon sale and exported. 

The farms where cattle 

are slaughtered by farm- 
ers who sell the meat 

dressed; city slaughter 

hou.ses, where meat is 

killed and dressed for 

the local market, and 

wholesale slaughter 

houses which kill for 

both the home market 

and for packing. These 

three kinds of establish- 
ments handle in the year 

6,647,180 pounds fresh 

beef, 308,620 pounds 

salted or cured beef, 

7,026,200 pounds mut- 
ton. 2,474,200 pounds 

veal, 12,019,713 pounds 

fresh pork, 8,799,909 Gen. Meade's Headquarters at Gettv.' 




The WOMAN'S College of Baltimore 



Officers of Instruction and Administration 

JOHN F. GOUCHER, D. D., LL.D., President 



William H. Hopkins. Ph. D.. 
Professor of Lathi. 

A. B. and A. M., St. John's Colle£e ; Ph. D., Dickinson College- 

Jessie S. Wenner, A. B., 

Instructor in Latin. 

A. B., Woman's College of Baltimore. 18%. 

LiLA V. North, A. B., 

Associate- Professor of Creek. 

A. B.. Bryn Mawr College, 1895; University of Leipsic, 1895-96. 

Joseph S. Sheki.oe, Ph. D , 

Professor of Romanic Langiiaires. Librarian. 

A. B.. Luther College. 1883. and A. M , 1889; University 

Scholar and Fellow of Johns Hopkins University, 1888 90; Ph. D.. 

Johns Hopkins University, 1890; Fellow by Courtesy, Johns 

Hopkins University. 1890-91. 

Gr.\ce Sara Williams, A. B., 
Associate- Professor of Romance Langtta^^es. 
A. B.. Knox College. 1897; Student of Romance Languages. 
Columbia University. 1898-99; Student College de France. Ecole 
des Charles, Ecole Pratique des Haules Etudes Paris; Istituto di 
.Studi Superiori, Florence; University of Rome 1900-1901; Uni- 
versity of Madrid. 1901-1902. 

Hans Froklicher, Ph. D., 

Professor of German Language and Literature. 

Art Criticism. 

Ph. D.. University of Zurich. 1886. 

Johnetta Van Meter, A. B., 
Instructor in German. 
A. B., Woman's College of Baltimore. 1894; Holder of Euro- 
pean Fellow.ship of the Woman's College of Baltimore and Grad- 
uate Student at the Universities of Berlin and Heidelberg. 1900-01. 

Charles W. Hodell, Ph. D., 
Professor of the English Latiguage and Literature. 
A. B . De Pauw University 1392; Ph. D.. Cornell University, 
1894; Fellow in English. Cornell University. 1S9,V94. 

May Lansfield Keller, Ph. D., 
Associate- Prof essor of English. 

A. B . Woman's College of Baltimore. 1898; Graduate Stu- 
dent. University of Chicago. 1900; Holder of European Fellowship 
of W.C B., 1901-02; Graduate Student at the University of Berlin 
and Heidelberg. 1901-04; Ph. D-. Heidelberg. 1904. 

Ella Adelaide Knapp, Ph. D., 
Associate- Professor of Rhetoric. 
A- B . Kalamazoo College. 18S8; A. M , University of Michi- 
gan. 1S90; Ph. D.. University of Michigan. 1899. 

Mary Grier Willson, A. M., 
Instructor in Rhetoric. 
A. B., 1903 Pennsylvania College for Women; A. M . 1904, 
University of Pennsylvania. 

William H. Maltbie, Ph. B., 
Professor of mathematics. 
A. B., Ohio Wesleyan University. 1890: A. M., 1892; Fellow 
of Johns Hopkins University. 1894-95; Ph. D , Johns Hopkins 
Univeisity, 1895. 

Clar.\ Latimer Bacon, A. M., 
Associate- Prof essor of Mathematics. 

A. B , Wellesley College 1890; A. M.. University of Chicago. 1904. 

Charles C. Blackshear, Ph. D., 
Professor of Chemistry. 
A. B. Mercer University. 1881; University Scholar of Johns 
Hopkins University. 1890; Ph. D.. Johns Hopkins University, 1890. 



Fanny Cook Gates, A. M., 
Professor of Physics. 
A. B . A. M.. Northwestern University. 1894. 1895; Fellow in 
Mathematics, Northwestern University. 1894-95; Holder of the 
Bryn Mawr Scholarship, 1895-96; Fellow in Mathematics. Bryn 
Mawr College, 1896-97 ; Holder of European Fellowship of the 
Association of Collegiate Alumnte. 1897-98; Graduate Student in 
Physics, Univer.sity of Gijttiiigen. Zurich Polytecknicum. 1897-98. 

Lena Vaughn, S. B., 
Instructor in Physics. 
S- B., University of Chicago. 1902; Graduate Student and 
Scholar in Physics, University of Chicago, 1902-1904. 
A. Barneveld Bibbins, Ph. B., 
Instructor in Geology and ^flneralogy. Curator. 
Ph. B.. Albion College, 1887; Member of the -Maryland and 
U.S. Geological Surveys; Fellow of the Geological Society of 
America and The American Association for the Advancement of 

Forrest Shreve, Ph. D., 
Associate- Professor of Botany. 



William E. Kellicott, Ph. D., 
Professor of Biology. 
Ph. B.. Ohio State University, 1898; Ph. D., Columbia Uni- 
versity. 1904. 

Lilian Welsh, M. D., 

Professor of Physiology and Hygiene. 

M. D.. Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. 1889. 

Eleanor Louisa Lord, Ph. D., 
Professor of History. 
A. B , A. M , Smith College, 1887. 1890; Fellow in History, 
Bryn Mawr College. 1888-89 and 1895-96; Holder of the European 
Fellowship of the Woman's Educational Association of Boston, 
and Student in History at Newnham College, University of Cam- 
bridge. England, 1894-95; Ph. D , Bryn Mawr College. 1896. 

Annie Heloise Abel, Ph. D., 
Instructor in History. 
A. B.. 1898, Kansas State University; A.M.. 1900. Kansas 
State University; Ph. D.. 1905. Yale University. 

Thaddeus p. Thomas, Ph. D., 
Professor of Economics and .Sociology. 
Ph. B.. a. M , Universitv of Tennessee. 1885. 1887: Fellow in 
History. Vanderbilt University. 1891-92 ; Ph. D., Johns Hopkins 
University, 1895. 

John B. Van Meter, 

Morgati Professor of Bible in English. 

Instructor in Psychology a?id Ethics. 

Dean of the Faculty. 

Hilda Erikson, 

Instructor in Physical Training. 

Graduate of the Royal Central Gymnastic Institute, Stock- 

HlLDA C. Rodway, 
Instructor in Physical Training. 
Graduate of Madame Osterberg's Physical Training College' 
Kent, England. 

Carrie Mae Probst, A. B., 

Registrar. 

A. B , Woman's College of Baltimore, 1904. 

George Filbert, 
Cashier. 



Session begins about the middle of September (September 16, 1907'i, and closes about the end ot the first week of June. 
Entrance Requirements : Fifteen points as defined by the College Entronce Examination Board. 

For information, address THE REGtSTRAR, WOMAN'S COLLEGE, BALTIMORE, MD. 



140 THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

pounds salted pork, 12,830,500 pounds hams, 20,154,859 pounds bacon, sides and shoulder; 10,277,552 
pounds sausage, 6,000 pounds canned beef, and 52,000 pounds all other meats. From this total each 
famil}^ of 4.9 members in the State could be allotted 38.29 pounds of beef either fresh, salted and canned; 
10.4 pounds of mutton, 49.6 pounds of fresh pork, 36.3 pounds of salted pork, 52.9 pounds of ham, 
83.2 pounds of shoulder, bacon and sides; 42.5 pounds of sausage, and .21 pounds of other meats. 

Properly belonging to the division of meat, also, is that side product of the dairy farm — poultry. 
The State produces in the course of twelve months 3,783,243 chickens, 182,188 turkeys, 59,776 ducks, 
and 91,904 geese, which is equivalent to 15.61 chickens for each family; .75 turkeys, .24 ducks, and .37 
geese. This meat list is further augmented by the enormous amount of fish, crabs and oysters taken 
every year from Maryland waters. Of the fish no reliable figures are obtainable. There is also absent 
the means of ascertaining the number of oysters and crabs which are caught. The canning establish- 
ments, of course, furnish certain figures of their industry, showing that 400,000 pounds of clams, 
8,835,734 pounds of oysters, and 330,571 pounds of crabs are packed or preserved annually. This would 
allow every family 1.65 pounds of canned clams, 36.46 pounds of canned oysters, and 1.36 pounds of 
canned crabs. These figures, however, are by no means indicative of the enormous product of water 
foods by the State of Maryland. The waters of the Cheasapeake and its tributaries abound in fish, 
which not only furnishes food matter for many of the inhabitants of the State, but also afford the means 
of a livelihood for a great army of fishermen. There is no body of water of equal size to the Chesapeake 
which has a larger supply or a greater variety of fish. In addition to oysters, clams and crabs the 
diamond back terrapin and canvas-back duck of Maryland are famous the world over. There are many 
other wild ducks of fine breed, while the waters of the bay and rivers are stocked with shad, trout, 
mackerel, taylor, rock, herring and perch. There are such game as rabbits and game l)irds, which 
properly belong to the meat production of the State, but their number is not calculable, 

In the production of fruits of all kind the people of Maryland are especially fortunate, and were 
the State to enter upon a hermit life, cutting off communication with other sections of the country, the 
people would find ample fruit produced within the boundaries of the Commonwealth to satisfy their 
ever}' need. Of apples, 3,150,673 bushels are grown in Maryland in a year; 172,303 bushels of peaches, 
301,702 bushels of pears, 60,452 bushels of cherries, 313 bushels of apricots, 19,945 bushels of plums, 
and 5,278 liushels of unclassified orchard fruit. This is equivalent to 52 pecks of apples for each family, 
1 peck of cherries, 2.84 pecks of peaches, 5 pecks of pears, .33 pecks of plums, .005 pecks of apricots, 
and .084 pecks of unclassified fruit. 

The State produces 3,154,570 watermelons a year, and 7,246,340 muskmelons, which would allow 
each Maryland family 29.9 muskmelons and 13 watermelons. There are raised 96,950 pounds of 
rhubarb, which is equal to .4 pounds per family. Of the smaller fruits, including the berries, there are 
grown 1,713,680 quarts of blackberries, 63,460 quarts of currants, 332,140 quarts of gooseberries, 
1,450,250 quarts of raspberries, 24,035,640 quarts of strawberries, and 362,420 quarts of unclassified 
small fruit. An equal distribution of these fruits would amount to 99.28 quarts of strawberries, 7.07 
quarts of blackberries, .26 quarts of currants, 1.37 quarts of gooseberries, 5.98 quarts of raspberries, and 
1.5 quarts of unclassified small fruit to every family. The annual product of Marj-land grape vines, 
amounting to 1,685,900 pounds, would entitle every average family to 6.95 pounds of this fruit; while 
the experimental fig crop, totaling about 100 pounds a year, would allow .0066 ounces of that fruit to 
the family. Another somewhat experimental crop, the peanut, with an annual crop of 143 liushels, 
would be divided into parts of .037 pints, and the orchard nut crop of 1,317 bushels, would allow a 
further distribution of .34 pints. 

In the matter of beverages, Maryland, if isolated from all other parts of the world, would still be 
able to fare very well. The State reports an annual production of 21,537,839 gallons of beer, 3,791,603 
gallons of whiskey, 15,253 gallons of brandy, 6,000 gallons of gin, 15,524 gallons of wine, and 42,539 
barrels of cider; and upon equal distribution would entitle the Maryland family of average size to 88.87 
gallons of beer, 15.64 gallons of whiskey, .5 pints of wine, .5 pints of brandy, .19 pints of gin, and 5.67 
gallons of cider a year. There would remain for the abstainer from intoxicants the large amount of soda 
water manufactured in the State. The exact quantity of this product is not obtainable, but of the 
wholesale value of Maryland's yearly production of soda water, amounting to $260,868, each family 
would obtain the equivalent of $1.07 worth. 

The Commonwealth produces 6,955,261 pounds of refined lard and 5,396,552 pounds of neutral 
lard annually. There are manufactured 12,655 barrels of vinegar: and the ice plants have an annual 



Peabody Conservatory of Music 




THE PEABODY CONSERVATORY OF JIUSIC of the City 
of Baltimore was established in the year 1S6S. It is de- 
signed, as expressed in the language of its founder, George 
Peabody, to be " adapted in the most effective manner to diffuse 
and cultivate a taste for music, the most refining of all the arts, 
by providing a means of studying its principles and practicing its 
compositions, and b\' periodical concerts, aided by the best talent 
and most eminent skill within the means of the Trustees to 
procure." 

The fine equipment of the Institute, the ability and experi- 
ence of the Faculty, the thoroughness of the courses, and the 
high standards maintained, have created conditions peculiarly 
favorable for well-rounded musical work. 

The Faculty includes fifty eminent European and American 
masters, including Harold Randolph, Director; Professors Otis B. 
Boise, Howard Brockway, Alfred C. Goodwin, W. E. Heimendahl, 
J. C. van Hulsteyn, Ernest Hutcheson, Pietro Minetti, Harold 
Phillips, Emmanuel Wad and Bart Wirtz. 

THE Peabody Conservatory is practically the only endowed institution of its kind in this country ; and being 
thus freed from the necessity of making the concessions which financial considerations usually impose, it 
is able to maintain a higher standard for graduation than any of its fellow conservatories. To this is due 
the fact that its alumni are so greatly in demand for positions throughout the United States. Of the holders of 
Peabo<ly Diplomas or Teacher's Certificates, nearly all have filled or now fill official musical positions. Two- 
thirds of the number are on the Conservatory's own staff of instructors. Scholarships, Diplomas, and Teacher's 
Certificates are awarded ; and pupils are accepted from the beginning and taken through the higher grades until 
they are fitted to be capable teachers or accomplished concert performers. 

SCHUMANN, in his famous Rules for Young Musicians, thus answers the question, "How does one become 
musical ? " —"You will become so, not by shutting yourself up all day, like a hermit, practicing mechanical 
studies, but by livini;, many-sided, iniisica/ intercourse." Itis just this "living, many-sided, musical inter- 
course " that is afforded by conservatory life, in which is created an atmosphere of artistic interest and enthusiasm 
that is an indispen- 
sable factor in the 
development of 
musical talent. The 
opportunity of 
hearing the master 
compositions of 
diffferent epochs 
presented by the 
greatest artists of 
the day, the advan- 
tage of playing 
with and b ef ore 
others.thestudents' 
recitals, the lec- 
tures, the pleasant 
musical associa- 
tion , the class spirit 
— all these tend to 
stimulate a healthy 
interest and to es- 
tablish a high ideal 
of excellence by 
means not obtain- 
able outside of a 
conservatory. 




142 



r H E C R O W N OF T H K CHESAPEAKE 



output of 120,740 tous of manufactured ice. These three items wouhl allow the Maryland famih- 28.7 
pounds of refined and 22.26 pounds of neutral lard per year, 1.63 gallons of vinegar, and 1,116 pounds 
of ice. This latter item, however, is misleading, as in the rural sections the farm families all obtain their 
ice from nearby streams, and the ice dealers in the cities also cut much ice from ponds. This is another 
commodity of which there are no mean for estimating the actual annual production. 

The quantity of many of the manufactured articles is not obtainable, although the values of such 
products are included in census statistics. The bakery products of the State are put down at $4,140,692 
a year, the roasting and grinding of coffee and spices at $1,271,787, confectionery at $2,323,206, baking 
and j^east powders at $345,278, flavoring extracts at $83,844, food preparations at $274,046, and pickels, 
sauces, etc., at $297,898. This represents for each family the following annual amounts of manufac- 







MT. St. Agnks .\c.4.demv. 



tured food; Bread and bakery products, $17.08; confectionery, $9.58; baking and yeast powder, $1.41; 
coffee and spices, $5.26; flavoring extracts, $.34; food preparations, $1.13; pickles, sauces, etc., $1.22. 

Although Maryland is not generally regarded as a sugar State, some cane and maple sugar is 
produced in the Commonwealth. There are raised 435 tons of cane a year, the manufacture of syrup 
amounting to 4,058 gallons. The maple sugar totals 264,160 pounds, and there is an annual production 
of maple syrup of 5,825 gallons. This would entitle the Maryland family to .13 pints of syrup, .18 pints 
of maple syrup, and 1.9 pounds of maple sugar. The bees of the State produce 306,788 pounds of honey, 
which when divided would amount to 1.25 pounds per family. 

Although neither the preserved fruits nor the canned vegetables should be included in the food 
production of Maryland, unless deduction be made from the gross production of the farm products used 
of the amount of raw material consumed by canneries and preserving establishments, the figures are 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 143 

admissible in this connection as showing the extent to which the Marylander is provided for during the 
winter months. There are canned in the State in a year 201,133,625 pounds of tomatoes, 40,937',232 
pounds of com, 36,404,712 pounds of peas, 23,421,600 pounds of beans, 393,120 pounds of pumpkins, 
4,465,680 pounds of sweet potatoes, 79,340 pounds of g-unibo, and 411,984 pounds of succotash. This 
is equivalent to 1,299.3 pounds of canned vegetables for every family in the State. There are also 
preserved 6,911, 424 pounds of pears, 28,609,018 pounds of peaches, 6,751,944 pounds of apples, 4,198,488 
pounds of blackberries, 6,271 ,756 pounds of .strawberries, 2,407,752 pounds of raspberries, 1,261,344 
pounds of cherries, and 20,830 pounds of plums. This means an average of 232.8 pounds of canned 
and preserved fruit for every family in the State. 

This, then, is the record upon which Maryland bases her claim as a food State. Were the Com- 
monwealth by any circumstance cut off from the rest of the world the very abundance of her products 
would burden her with care, for the food produced within the State could not be consumed by the people 
within her borders. Not only does Maryland produce much more than is required for feeding the 
residents of the Commonwealth, but there is an almost endless variety to the things grown or made. 
Thus the State's bill of fare of home products would include, in addition to certain cooking materials, 
such as butter, milk, eggs, lard, vinegar, flavoring extracts, spices, herbs, baking and yeast powder, 
and wheat, rye, buckwheat, corn and barley flours or meals, chicken, turkey, duck, goose, beef (fresh, 
salted and canned), mutton, veal, pork (fresh and salted), ham, bacon, sides, shoulder, sausage, oysters 
(fresh or canned), clams (fresh or canned), crabs (fresh or canned), terrrapin, wild duck, shad, trout, 
mackerel, taylor, rock, herring, perch, rabbit, tomatoes (fresh or canned), corn (fresh or canned), peas 
(fresh or canned), white potatoes, sweet potatoes (fresh or canned), onions, beets, carrots, parsnips, 
radishes, hominy, string beans, lima beans (fresh or canned), cucumbers, eggplant, pumpkin (fresh or 
canned), squashes, cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce, kale, spinach, asparagus, celery, gumbo, succotash, 
bread, honey, syrup, maple sjTup, sauces, pickles, apples, apricots, cherries, peaches, pears, plums, 
grapes, strawberries, blackberries, currants, gooseberries, raspberries, watermelons, muskmelons, 
rhubarb, preserves (pear, peach, apple, blackberry, strawberry, raspberry, cherry and plum), cider, 
wine, beer, whiskey, brandy, gin, coffee, soda water, ice, confectionery, mixed nuts, peanuts, maple 
sugar and figs. 

These are the things which Maryland can place before her people without the need of going 
across the border line into any other section of the land. As to the abundance of her supply : the State 
manufactures enough (lour to provide every average family of 4.9 members with 1,535 pounds in the 
course of a j-ear. Enough green vegetables are grown to give each family 173 pecks of peas, tomatoes, 
potatoes and like vegetables, and 57 heads of such products as pumpkins, cabbages, and eggplants. 
The annual slaughter of meat and catch of oysters and fish is sufficient to allow much over 400 pounds 
a year to a family. Of intoxicants the State's jiroduct is equal to more than 100 gallons per family ; 
while the fruit harvest would provide every household with 62 pecks of orchard fruit; 43 melons; 115 
quarts of berries and small amounts of grapes and other fruits. For variety, qualiti^ and abundance of 
her products, Maryland stands high as a food State. 

These figures show that Maryland is a good State to live in. 



^be Mbolesale Jobbers 



^^^^HE GREAT natural reasons upon which the laws of successful competition are based find 
^ _, ^ their soundest foundation in fact in the commercial environment of Baltimore and enable 
^ ^ 1^ its jobbers to give buyers better goods and greater values in exchange for the outlay with 
^^^^ which they replenish stock than other less favored communities can afford to give. These 
reasons may be summarized to be: 
First. A commanding position geographically, with numerous rail and water transportation 
facilities, the former covering the shortest hauls and lightest grades to the purchasing centres, and the 
latter offering cheap freight rates along the coast with an abundance of cargo space at all times so that 
car shortage is almost a negligible quantity in the commercial equation. The greatest of the ocean 



144 T H K CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

steamers come regularly to Haltimore, the Johnston, Hamburg-American, Atlantic TransiJort and 
North German L,loyd Eines maintaining direct shi]5s to the greater manufacturing and distributing 
centres of Europe, affording low rates on imported goods and saving thousands of dollars in rail 
transportation from more northerly cities. 

Second. The cost of living and conducting business in Baltimore is lower than in any great 
mercantile centre in America. Rents, building lots, salaries and wages, and the price of food and 
clothing require but a moderate outlay and the buyer is not compelled to pay for his goods an additional 
proportion of the unusual expenses of conducting business, as is the case in other cities where the 
standard of living is extravagant, where enormous rents must be paid and where excessive capital must 
be invested in the lands and buildings for factories and workshops. The chief result of these conditions 
is that the individual workman in the factory does a full day's work for moderate pay and turns out the 
best product because he has ample space to work in, and he is in the best physical condition. There 
are no strikes among such workmen and there is no friction in the operation of such plants. 

Third. Because the relation of the Baltimore merchant to his customer is personal and friendly. 
No matter how great his business interests and how his time is engaged he is always the associate, 
friend and counsel of the buyer and the soiil of Southern hospitality. Baltimore is a community of close 
personal friendships, where credit is based upon the personal relation as much as upon the commercial 
rating of agencies, and a mart in which mercantile prosperity has been achieved, not through a multitude 
of customers obtained by flattering promises and sold single large bills of goods and then cast aside for 
others, but where customers are made by furnishing them solid values and are retained for generations 
by fair and friendly dealing. 

H>r\? (50055, dfancv 6oo!)5 anC) motions 

For many decades Baltimore has been the metropolis of the cotton duck world. This excellent 
fabric has housed foreign armies against storms in all the world, has carried sailing ships along the 
winds of the seven seas for a century, and has served thousands of useful purposes in all America. The 
high quality of this material and of all dry goods sold in this city are known and praised South, West 
and North and there is no community where the storekeeper cannot refer to his neighbor for the worth 
of dry goods sold and "made in Baltimore." Dealers in millinery and the more delicate and dainty 
fancy goods, the style of which is dictated by Dame Fashion, will find the sea port of Baltimore in direct 
touch with France and Belgium, and an offering of charming creations that are striking, novel and 
suggestive. 

Clotbing, SFjoes an& Wats 

Baltimore in proportion to its population manufactures more ready-to-wear clothing than an}' 
American city. Contented and healthy labor in spacious and well-lighted working rooms, and instructed 
by capable and experienced designers have made it so. Twenty millions of annual sales attest the 
merits of this product which competes successfully with made-to-order garments. Factor}' advantages 
and easy labor conditions have created a trade in shoes even greater than that in clothing. There are 
forty large houses in this line, many of whom make a product equal and better than that of New 
England and all of whom can furnish more goods for less money than their Northern competitors. 
Baltimore straw hats cover annually millions of heads in the South and West and endure the summer 
storms and dusts better than any others. Fast colors, best materials and honest workmanship create a 
product that is its own best advertisement. 

jfnntttnrc, Stoves anC» ll^ai'Ctware 

There was a time when the Iniyer looked to the far North and West for furniture, but these days 
have passed. Baltimore can well compete in freight rates with Michigan and Massachusetts and at a 
moderate cost the buyer can come and see the product made, a method far Ijetter than iiurchase Ijy 
catalogue or sample. It has the largest chair factory in the world, which also makes more of the ever- 
popular baby carriages than any other plant in existence. 

For generations lialtimore stoves have been famous and have warmed the hearts and hands of 
their grateful buyers. These are shipped all over the world. Baltimore has great facility for oljtaining 
the raw material at the lowest figures. In hardware Baltimore's Ijusiness is entirely a jobbing one. It 
is a great distributive centre for these wares, and being in direct touch with the South, is a favorite 
market in which to buy agricultural implements. 



THE CROWX OF THE CHESAPEAKE 145 

Oroceries, ffruit and Confectionery 

The rise of a $10,000,000 grocery trade furnishes a fine example of the effect of the personal 
relation in business. Bj' catering to every detail the trade desires and by selling only the purest product 
success has crowned Baltimore's efforts. Maryland is famous for her packing and canning houses, and 
her fruit, vegetables and oysters are wholesome, palatable and delicious 

It also maintains direct steamships to the cocoanut, pineapple and banana lands. These bring in 
eight to ten cargoes every week for packing or to be shipped at once to distant points in refrigerator 
cars. The confectionery trade is a close ally of the grocery trade, and Baltimore has built up a large 
business in the United States and in England and Austria. The presence of an ample supply of cheap 
natural raw material insures the lack of artificial or chemical substitutes in candy making. 

%xqnov5 

When the facetious Attorney-General advertised to the nation "something better than whiskey" 
it was a striking example of begging the question and revealed the methods of many blenders. But 
when he spoke of "semper idem" whiskey he surely had his native heath in mind as the home of the 
renowned and unchanging Maryland Rye. The excellencies of Maryland liquors have outrivalled those 
of Kentucky and Pennsylvania and the purity, age, verve and bou(|uet of the product of its distilleries 
are unsurpassed. 

Special Offers foj tbe jfall of 1907 

Through the Merchants and Manufacturers Association the wholesale jobbers of Baltimore offer 
special inducements for merchants to purchase their 1907 fall stock in that city. To all merchants 
coming from the South, Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia, the Association will pay one-half of 
their round trip fare if they purchase $1,200 worth of goods from the jobbers on its lists. All the 
buyers have to do is to register at the office of the Association before leaving the city and a check will 
be mailed to them. In addition a ten day stop-over privilege can be secured on all through tickets to 
other points via of Baltimore. If the merchant has iilanued to visit Jamestown the Association, upon 
the same terms, will give him a full round tri]) ticket from Jamestown to Baltimore at any time before 
October 1st, 1907. 

Baltimore is a most attractive summer resort. The sojourner may enjoy the mountains or the 
Chesapeake Bay, which are only fifty miles apart. He may partake of a thousand delicacies of field or 
stream in a pleasant summer climate. 



Uhc IRetailevs 

^^^^ N MANY particulars Baltimore is remarkable for its retail establishments and markets. There 
^ ^ is no city in America which offers more extensive accommodations or greater advantages to 

^ ^ that class of purchasers commonly called "consumers " than the Monumental City, for it 

^^^^ matters not whether the buyer seeks clothing for the body, food for the inner man, or 
furnishings for the house, a retail market is open to him which compares favorably with 
that of the largest cities in the country both in the matter of things offered and the prices charged. 
Lexington Market, in Baltimore, is confessedly the greatest vegetable and general retail food market in 
the United States, if not in the world. Immediately adjoining the market is the great shopping district 
of Baltimore, of which Lexington street is the main artery, closely pressed for supremacy by Eutaw, 
Howard and Charles streets. In East Baltimore there is a counterpart of this same arrangement of 
locality ; Gay street, the great shopping thoroughfare of the section, having linked to it Belair Market. 
This proximity in Baltimore of the great shopping sections and the green markets is not a common 
feature in the larger cities of America, where the purchaser not infrequently finds the markets and the 
higher class retail sections separated by considerable distances. 

In the modern commercial world, the largest factor, doubtless, in the distribution of general mer- 
chandise to the consumer is the department store. Of course this offspring of the spirit of concentration, 
which is reaching every branch of commerce and industry, represents but a comparatively small part of the 



146 THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

aggregate retail business done in any large cit}'; but there is no single class of retailers in the citj' which 
aggregates as much business as is done by these establishments which cover more or less thoroughly all 
branches and lines of business. The department stores of Baltimore in every respect represent the 
highest standard of excellence which has been reached by the best conducted establishments of like 
character in the United States. They range from the most complete department store, which seeks to 
bring under one roof and one management a department for every class and character of commercial 
commodity, to those which are but somewhat expanded dry goods and notion establishments. 

Many are the inducements offered by the large department stores of Baltimore to the purchaser, 
and the latter has not been slow to appreciate them. As a result there has been accorded the better 
class of these establishments a patronage which not only has made their venture a success, but has 
encouraged them to expand conservatively into even larger enterprises. The best known and most 
largely patronized department stores are to be found within a radius of several blocks of the corner of 
Howard and Lexington streets. The establishments here present an opportunity to the average 
customer to do all her shopping under one roof, although it is probable that the large majority of buyers, 
with the instinct for selecting from the offerings of several concerns, visit in their shopping tours a large 
number of the stores. The manner in which these e.stablishments are conducted, supplies a pleasing 
and instructive spectacle to the average visitor. The entire system has been worked down to a very fine 
point of economy, and the business is conducted with the smoothness and regularity of machinery. The 
great areas of floor space, the endless lines of counters, and the enormous windows of the larger estab- 
lishments made possible a display that is marvellous in its extent and entertaining in its variety. 

But in the shopping districts, the department store is only one of the many things which attract 
both the buyer and the onlooker. Lexington street from the market to Charles street, is lined on either 
side with countless retail stores, which make the thoroughfare one continuous show window by day and 
a riot of lights by night. Stretching north and south from Lexington street are Eutaw and Howard 
streets, both occupied by big department stores and numerous retail establishments. Further eastward 
is Charles street, the home of jewelry stores, florists' establishments and expensive fancy goods stores ; 
while two blocks southward and running parallel with Lexington street is Baltimore street — the great 
shopping thoroughfare for men's ware as well as, to a limited extent, for the things which especially 
attract women. Baltimore street is the most extensive of the retail shopping streets of the city, its rows 
of retail and wholesale establishments and office buildings having a total length of several miles. Gay 
street, beginning at Baltimore five squares below Charles, extends northeastwardly to the far end of the 
city, and for much of its length is occupied on either side with establishments of retailers ranging from 
the big department store to the smallest dealer in tobacco and newspapers. 

Within the territory thus outlined, but including many less important streets which branch from 
these thoroughfares, are the bulk of the larger retail stores of Baltimore. All the things which are 
essential or ornamental to mankind are here on sale in great profusion. Mile upon mile of stores, large 
and small, present a many miled display of millinery, fancy goods, notions, women's wearing apparel, 
leather goods, jewelry, china and glassware, flowers, fruits, fancy groceries, confectionery and pastry, 
.shoes, men's clothing, hats, paintings, books, furniture, pianos, hardware, etc., etc. At the same time 
there are certain business sections in outlying districts of the city, which cater as fully to the needs of 
those living in these particular districts. Thus Pennyslvania avenue, extending northwestward from 
Franklin and Green streets, is the shopping district of a large part of the po]nilation living close to this 
avenue in Northwest Baltimore. South Charles street transacts an enormous business in its manj' retail 
establishments which cater to the residents of South Baltimore. Broadway below Baltimore .street is 
lined with large retail establishments and department stores, and has Broadway Market at its foot- 
And for a considerable stretch North Charles street has been converted into a shopping section for the 
residents of Central and North Baltimore. 

Outside of the strictly shopping and business sections of the city, there are hundreds upon 
hundreds of retail stores and shops scattered throughout the city. Every section has its retail establish- 
ments, which provide for the needs of those in their immediate vicinity. In few cities is there a greater 
number of stores proportionately, and in none are they more evenly distributed in every district. 
In Baltimore the average resident has within almost a stone's throw of his house a retail store to provide 
him with groceries and provisions ; a drug store to be ever ready to render service in case of sickness ; 
a bakery with its supply of bread and confectionery; and also a tobacco shop, and, probably, a restaurant 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 147 

or saloon. The city is boimtifully supplied also with widely distributed coal and wood yards, retail 
dry goods and notion stores, tailoring- and barber shops, etc., etc. The amount of business done by 
these retail establishments is incalculable, and any estimate must be entirely speculative. To the wage- 
earners in Baltimore manufacturing establishments alone, there is paid in wages in a year more than 
thirty millions of dollars. This constitutes only one source— though, of course, the largest source— of 
income for the people. How large the wage and salary list is in a year, including the pay-rolls of city 
officials: of professional men and women; of clerks, bookkeepers and other employes in businesses other 
than manufacturing, is a matter that cannot be estimated accurately. Yet this enormous sum of money 
goes in a large measure to the retail establishments of the city. And there is the further sum to be 
computed which is derived from the out-of-town patrons of the retail establishments. Some of these 
make their purchases by mail ; but the larger number of them do their Baltimore shopping in person. 
These customers come from every section of the State ; they come from many of the nearby States, and 
as many of thera are from the larger cities of their respective commonwealths as from small urban centers 
and rural sections. Baltimore is, indeed, the shopping town for the people of an enormous territory 
stretching from the city toward the four corners of the land. 

One of the most striking features of Baltimore as a city offering special inducements to the 
consuming patron is the excellent accommodations offered the people of the city in the matter of 
markets. Mention has already been made of the fact that almost every large retail business section has 
its vegetable and general market. Thus Gay Street has Belair Market; Pennsylvania Avenue has 
Lafayette market; Broadway has the Broadway Market; West Baltimore Street has Hollius Market; 
North Howard Street has Richmond Market; South Baltimore has Hanover Market; Lexington Street 
and the main shopping district has Lexington Market, etc., etc. Each of these trading places for 
market products and foodstuff generally is of a very high standard, but it is for Lexington Market that 
Baltimore is nio>;t famed in this respect. Lexington Market is, indeed, an exceptional place of its kind, 

and though the other markets of the city are 
not greatly different from it in some of the 
main features, yet for the variety of goods on 
sale, the grade of products offered, for the 
great number of buyers and sellers, and the 
general appearance of the market, this busi- 
ness center is without a parallel. 

This survey of Baltimore as a retail 
market shows more especially the purchaser's 
advantages and accommodations. The retailer 
in his role of distributor has been made of 
secondarj' importance ; the customer seeking 
to make his purchases conveniently, advanta- 
geously, and at the same time obtain the very 
l)est grade of goods that the market affords, 
has l)een made the subject of primary consid- 
eration. This, because comparatively little 
has to be said of the financial stability and 
busuiess success of most of the retail estab- 
lishments in the Monumental City. The fact 
that these stores are able to give their cus- 
tomers the class of accommodations they do is 
in itself testimony of success. Depleted stocks, 
poor assortments, and slothful service indicate 
small trade and financial weakness in a retail 
establishment, and large stocks, large variety 
of offerings, and prompt ser\-ice speak of 
prosperity Signs of the uniform successful- 
ness of Baltimore's retail establishments of 
everv grade and character is seen in the 




DispENS.\RY OF \Vome: 



:Ar. COLLFX.K, Balimore. Md. 



148 THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

steadj' progress made by those stores which are dependent upon the customer for their business. In 
this sphere a steady expansion is going on, resulting from healthy conditions and judicious management. 
The fact that there are no failures is not in itself conclusive evidence of business success, for many 
concerns may, while making a failure of the things they undertake to do — earn a profit on the capital 
invested— and are able to eke out enough to keep from going to the wall. But when establishments — 
both the largest and the smallest — are engaged in a process of conservative and general expansion, the 
probability is that they are striving to handle a business which is outgrowing their existing facilities. 
In other words, their business is not only successful in fulfilling earlier hopes; it is growing greater 
than had at first been anticipated. And this is the common condition in Baltimore. None of the retail 
concerns are contracting, many are expanding, and enough of them are making successes to justify an 
assertion that the retail business in Baltimore is generally very prosperous. 

The reason of the great success of Baltimore as a retail market is the low price its storekeepers 
ask and the high character of their goods. These inducements liring purchasers from all parts of the 
country. 



Zhc fll^av^lanb Cities anb ^ovvns 

^®^^HEN ONE CITY stands as prominent within a State as Baltimore does in Maryland, the 
^■| \YT ^ commercial status of smaller urban centres is apt to be overlooked. As a consequence of 
^ fe^ this, there are in the Old Line State not a few cities and towns which, were it not for the 



U 

w; 



^^)^^ overshadowing supremacy of the Monumental City, would have been better known as 
manufacturing and commercial places. The.se smaller towns have not, however, permitted 
themselves to become discouraged because the metropolis of the State has so far outdistanced them ; nor 
have they settled down in indifference to serve merely as contributing centres to Baltimore's prosperity. 
In fact, were the Monumental City of a sudden to close her gates and cease doing business, the group 
of progressive manufacturing and mining towns of Western Maryland and the long string of trading 
ports upon the Chesapeake would feel but a momentary pause to their activity while determining upon 
the substitution of a new clearing-house in certain branches of their commercial affairs. 

The most important cities of Maryland, exclusive of Baltimore, are grouped somewhat loosely 
together in that narrow .strip of territory which forms the western point of the State. This strip has 
as its eastern boundary an imaginary line drawn from Harper's Ferry northward to Pen-Mar, and takes 
in Washington, Allegany and Garrett Counties, terminates at the extreme western boundary of the 
State. Of the three counties included in this territory Garrett contributes nothing to the list of promi- 
nent towns, but both of the other counties support cities which have long been influencial factors in the 
commercial life of the State, and which are rapidly growing in importance. Hagerstown, the third city 
in the State in population and manufactures stands at the gateway of this western strip of territory. 
The county seat of Washington County, the home of several important educational institutions, and the 
point where several railroads cross, Hagerstown has developed rapidly. It is eighty-six miles from 
Baltimore and twenty-two miles from Frederick City, and is reached by the Baltimore and Ohio, Cum- 
berland Valley, Western Maryland, and the Norfolk and Western Railroads. 

The population of Hagerstown has increased with remarkable rapidity; from 10,118 people in 
1890 and 13,591 in 1900, it advanced to about 16,022 persons in 1906. The progress of the town has 
been due in large measure to its manufactures, although it owes much to the fact that it is the trade 
centre of a very rich section of the State. The 203 manufacturing establishments located there give 
employment to nearly two thousand wage-earners, whose toil results in the production of two and a-half 
million dollars worth of manufactured articles annually. The chief manufactures are the products of 
machine shops and factories engaged in making vehicle equipments. The city supports three daily 
newspapers. Williamsport, another Washington County town, is seven miles southwest of Hagerstown, 
which latter city it serves both as a shipping point and a feeding centre. Williamsport is on the 
Potomac River and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. It is reached by the Western Marjdand and the 
Cumberland Railroads. While engaged to a limited extent in manufactures, its chief importance is 
derived from its position as a trade centre. Its population in 1906 was 1608. 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 149 

Cumberland, is the largest of Maryland's secondary cities, and its position of importance is made 
doubly secure by the support it obtains from a chain of important commercial centres of which it forms 
the head. The healthy growth of Cumberland has been the outcome of the development of Maryland's 
rich coal lands, the city forming the natural shipping point eastward for the many mines of Allegany 
County. Ever since the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal was carried to this city, and the artificial waterway 
began performing the service for which it had been designed in floating bituminous coal to the bi- 
manufacturing cities on the Atlantic seaboard, the importance of Cumberland has been steadily increas- 
ing. Today, with nearly 20,000 inhabitants, with about three millions dollars invested in manufacturing 
plants, and with large capital interested in the coal output of the State, the city is destined to grow con- 
stantly in importance. Situated on the Potomac River, and forming the western terminus of the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio Canal, Cumberland is reached by the Pennsylvania, the Baltimore and Ohio, the Western 
Maryland and other railroads. In addition to its coal shipping industry, the city is extensively engaged 
ill the manufacture of iron and steel, glass, brick, and other like products. 

Beginning at Cumberland and extending southward somewhat parallel with the boundary line 
between Allegany and Garrett Counties is a string of important mining towns; and these are large con- 
tributors not only to the commercial prosperity of Cumberland, but to that of the entire State. This 
chain of towns includes Frostburg, Lonaconing and Westernport, all of which are in Allegany County. 
Frostburg, eleven miles west of Cumberland, is on the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad. With 
a population of somewhat less than 5,000 people, its greatest energy is devoted to the mining of 
soft coal, although it contains several foundries and brick factories. Lonaconing, with a population of 
between 2,000 and 3,000 people, is rapidly advancing as a mining centre. The town is twenty- 
three miles southwest of Cumberland, and is reached by the George's Creek branch of the Western 
Maryland and by the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroads. Westernport, which forms the extreme 
end of the chain, is on the Potomac River, opposite to Piedmont. It is reached by the Cumberland and 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and has a population of about 2,500 people. Fifty-four miles from Cumberland 
is Oakland, the county seat of Garrett County. This town has a population of about 1,250, is reached 
by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and has gained fame as a summer resort. It is situated 2,700 feet 
al)ove the sea level. Its chief industry is the manufacture of flour and the production of leather. 

Traveling eastward from Hagerstown toward the Chesapeake Bay, and traversing portions of 
Washington, Frederick, Carroll, Baltimore and Harford Counties — all on the northern boundary line of 
Maryland — one encounters some of the richest farming districts of the commonwealth. This .stretch of 
land supports a number of prosperous towns, some of which devote entire attention to the handling of 
the products of nearby farms, while others have made considerable progress as manufacturing and 
trading centres. The most important city in the territory between Hagerstown and Baltimore is Fred- 
erick City, the county seat of Frederick County, which occupies a commanding position in the heart of 
a great agricultural district. It is sixty-one miles west of Baltimore, and is reached by the Baltimore 
and Ohio and the York-Frederick branch of the Northern Central railroads. With a population of 
slightly more than 10,000 persons, the city gives employment in its 133 manufacturing establish- 
ments to 1,131 wage-earners The manufacturing concerns consist of tanneries, founderies, sash 
factories, brick works, knitting mills, creameries and brush factories. In manufactures the city ranks 
fourth in Maryland, and in point of population it holds the same position. Frederick City is the home 
.seat of Frederick College (founded in 1797), of the Woman's College and of the State Deaf and Dumb 
Asylum. 

Fifteen miles southwest of Frederick is Brunswick, a town of 2,500 inhabitants, which supports 
several manufacturing establishments and a repair shop of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Westminster, the seat of government for Carroll County, is a manufacturing and educational 
centre, twenty-eight miles northwest of Baltimore on the Western Maryland Railroad. Its flour mills 
and its factories, engaged chiefly in the manufacture of carriages and cigars, have advanced it to the sixth 
place among the manufacturing cities of the State. Western ?klaryland College, which is under control 
of the Methodist Protestant Church, has attracted to the Carroll County town a large body of educators 
and students who have raised a standard of intellectuality there not commonly encountered in the smaller 
urban centres. Then, too, the position which Westminster naturally holds as the gathering town for 
products of surrounding districts and the distributing point for manufactured articles required by the 



150 THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

Carroll countians has given it prominence as a trading point. The town has a population of about 
3,500 people. 

Towson, the governmental seat of Baltimore Count}', is seven miles north of Baltimore — and 
Ellicott City, the county seat of Howard County, is twelve miles west of the Monumental City with both 
of which it is connected by steam and electric railway. Towson has a population of 2,700 inhabitants 
It contains the Baltimore County courthouse, an attractive building of colonial architecture, and numer- 
ous attractive residential properties. Ellicott City is a quaint, old-fashioned town of 1,331 inhabitants. 
It is built upon a steep incline overlooking the Patapsco River ; and engages in manufacturing to some 
little extent, the chief industries being flour and cotton mills, and stone quarries. Sparrows Point, 
about fifteen miles southeast of Baltimore, is known throughout the commercial world because of the 
Maryland Steel Company's works, which are nearby. The population of the place is made up almost 
entirely of laborers in the iron works and their families. Sparrows Point is an ideal manufacturing town, 
great thought having been given by the management of the works to the comfort and health of their 
people. A steam and an electric railway connect the place with Baltimore. 

Belair, the county seat of Harford County, is on the Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad, twenty- 
four miles northeast of Baltimore. The town has a population of about 1,000, and is the trade 
centre for the fertile surrounding country. This section of the State is given up largely to the cultiva- 
tion of vegetables and fruits, and Belair is the centre of Harford County's canning industry. Rockville, 
the county seat of Montgomery County, is sixteen miles north of Washington. It has a population of 
1,110 and is reached by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Hyattsville, with 1,222 inhabitants, is in 
Prince George's County. It is six miles northeast of Washington, with which city it is connected by the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Laurel, also in Prince George's County, is between Washington and 
Baltimore on the same line. It has a population of slightly over 2,000 people, and is noted principally 
for its iron works, which draw upon the surrounding iron ore deposits for raw material. Upper Marlboro, 
the county seat of Prince George's County, has about 500 inhabitants. It is in a grain, tobacco, and 
fruit growing section, and has several canneries engaged in packing vegetables and fruits. 

Annapolis, the State capital, and one of the oldest and most interesting cities in Maryland, is 
twenty-six miles .south of Baltimore. It is on the Severn River two miles from the Chesapeake Bay, and 
in the heart of the rich fruit and vegetable .section of Anne Arundel County. It is reached by steamer 
from Baltimore, and also by two lines of railways — the Baltimore and Annapolis Short Line and the 
Annapolis, Washington and Baltimore. Annapolis was made the capital of the State more than two 
hundred years ago, or in 1694 During the greater part of Maryland's Colonial career it was the centre 
of both the social and the commercial life of the State. In pre-Revolutionary days it was the scene of 
the greatest social functions of the Province, and during the American Revolution the city played an 
important part in the nation's affairs. The Continental Congress held its session here for a period, and 
in the State House Wa.shington resigned his commission as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental 
Army. The State Hou.se is the finest example of a Colonial building now extant. 

The United States Naval Academy is located at Annapolis. The grounds of this institution have 
recently been much improved and new buildings of architectural merit have been erected. In addition 
to the Naval Academy, the State Hou.se and the Governor's Mansion, Annapolis, contains St. John's 
College, founded in 1789, the new Court of Appeals building, a modern and beautiful postofhce and 
some of the most attractive and famous Colonial mansions to be found in America. The citj' has a 
population of about 9,169 per.sons. Its manufacturing establishments do considerable business, giving 
employment to 244 wage-earners. The chief industries are oyster packing and the manufacture of glass 
and ice. 

There are a number of progressive towns on the Chesapeake Bay and its navigable tributaries 
upon the Eastern Shore of Maryland. In the strip of land on the Western Shore which extends south- 
ward between the Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac River, the towns owe their chief claim to prominence 
to the fact that they are county seats. La Plata, the governmental seat of Charles County, is on the 
Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad, three miles from Port Tobacco. Prince Frederick- 
town, fifty-five miles south of Baltimore, is the county seat of Calvert County. The town is five miles 
from the Chesapeake Bay, its steamboat landing being Dare's Wharf. 

Leonard.stown , the county seat of St. Mary's, has a population of about 500. It is on Briton's 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 151 

Bay, near the Potomac River, and fifty-five miles south of Annapolis. It has steamboat connections 
with Baltimore and Washington, but is not upon a railroad line. 

The Eastern Shore, however, is dotted with prosperous towns and villages along the entire water 
line. These towns owe their growth to the fact that they are naturally the receiving points for nearly 
all the manufactured articles imported into their respective counties ; that they are the shipping points 
for the products of inland farming districts ; and that they are naturally the trade centres for large 
stretches of fertile interior country, where towns are not abundant, and such as do exist are not over- 
prosperous. Furthermore, these seaport towns are advantageou.sly located for engaging in canning the 
products of surrounding farmlands, and they are thus given an incentive to engage in manufacturing 
as well as a trading business. 

In the lower end of the Eastern Shore, where the peninsula is divided from east to west by the 
boundary line between Maryland and Virginia, there are three towns which do considerable business. 
Crisfield, the most important of these is in Somerset County, and is directly upon the Chesapeake Bay. 
It has a population of 4,285, and is reached by steamers from Baltimore and by rail over the New York, 
Philadelphia and Norfolk line. The packing of oysters is its chief industry. Pocomoke City and Snow 
Hill, both upon the Pocomoke River are in Worcester County. The latter is the county seat and has a 
population of 1,675. It has cummunication with Baltimore by steamers and is reached by the Eastern 
Shore division of the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad. The town has saw, planing 
and flour mills, canning factories and a general trade in lumber, fruit, and the products of truck farms. 
Pocomoke City, fifteen miles from the mouth of the Pocomoke, has a population of 2,304 inhabitants. 
Its industries are very much the same as those of Snow Hill. Berlin, another Worcester County town, 
is inland, and is on the line of the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic; and the Philadelphia, Baltimore 
and Washington railroads. It has a population of 1,436 people, and supports canning factories, veneer 
works and other manufacturing establishments. In the northern part of Somerset is its county seat, 
Princess Anne, a town of not c|uite a 1,001) people upon the banks of the Manokin River. 

In Wicomico County, which is north of Somerset and Worcester, are Salisbury, the county seat, 
and Sharptown. Salisljury is a thriving port of more than 5,00{) jieojile. It is on the Wicomico 
River, 103 miles south of Wilmington, Delaware, with which city it is connected by the New York, 
Philadelphia, and Washington Railroad; it is also reached by the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic 
Railroad. The town conducts a large shipping trade in grain, fruit, and lumber, and has several manu- 
facturing establishments engaged in the production of textiles and flour. Sharptown is twelve miles 
northwest of Salisbury, but is not on any railroad line. It has a population of about 1,000 people, and 
uses Seaford, Delaware, as its railroad station. 

The next important tributary of the Chesapeake travelling northward is the Choptank River, 
which has Cambridge near its mouth, and at its head Denton. Cambridge is the governmental seat of 
Dorchester County. It has a population of nearly 7,000 people, who support a daily paper and engage 
extensively in manufacturing food stuffs. The town is connected with Baltimore by steamers and is also 
reached by the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad. Fish, oysters and lumber are 
exported on a large scale, while the canning e.stablishments consume a large quantity of the fruit and 
vegetables grown in the surrounding territory. Denton, the county seat of Caroline, has a population 
of not quite 1,000 people. It is engaged in manufacturing to a limited degree, though chiefly for local 
consumption. The town is connected with Baltimore by steamers. 

Talbot County has two important seaports: Easton, the county seat, which has a population of 
4,019, and St. Michaels, with 1,043 inhabitants. Easton is about fifty miles south-southeast of Balti- 
more, and is reached either by bay steamers or the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington and the 
Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railroads. The town contains mills, canning establishments, furniture 
and shirt factories, and is the trading centre for the surrounding grain and fruit growing district. 

Queen Anne's, the next county, has as its northern boundary the Chester River, and on the 
southern bank of this body of water there are two important Queen Anne's towns — Centerville, the 
county seat, and Queenstown — while on the northern bank is Chestertown, of Kent County. Centerville 
is thirty-six miles southeast of Baltimore, with which city it is connected by bay steamers; and it is also 
reached by the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington and the Queen Anne's Railroads. The popula- 
tion is 1,231. A number of manufacturing establishments are located in the town. Queenstown is 



152 THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

engaged in shipping and packing fruits and oysters. It is on the Queen Anne"s Railroad and is reached 
from Baltimore by steamers. Chestertown is at the head of navigation of the Chester River. It has a 
line of steamers connecting it with Baltimore, and is also reached bj^ the Philadelphia, Baltimore and 
Washington Railroad. Chestertown is the county seat of Kent, and has a population of 3,271 people. 
It is the seat of Washington College, established in 1782, and supports numerous manufacturing estab- 
lishments, consisting chiefly of canning establishments and paper mills. 

At the head of the Chesapeake, either directly on the Bay or on one of its tributaries, are four 
towns of some importance, all connecting with Baltimore by steamer. Three of these, Chesapeake City, 
Elkton and Port Deposit, are in Cecil County. Chesapeake City, a town of 1,183 inhabitants, is at the 
Maryland entrance to the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Elkton, the county seat, is at the head of 
navigation on the Elk River. It has a population of 2,698 persons and is reached by the Philadelphia, 
Baltimore and Washington Railroad. The city has a number of manufacturing establishments, including 
iron foundries, ship yards, flour mills, machine shops, pulp mills and fertilizer factories. Port Depo.sit 
is on the Susquehanna River, five miles from its mouth, and forty-one miles northeast of 
Baltimore. It engages extensively in the transhipping of lumber and is the shipping point for valuable 
granite taken from nearby quarries. It is the seat of the Jacob Tome Institute, one of the leading 
.schools of its kind in the country. Havre de Grace, in Harford CountJ^ on the Western Shore, is at 
the mouth of the Susquehanna. It is the fifth manufacturing city of the State and gives employment to 
674 wage-earners. Its principal industries are canneries, flour and lumber mills, sash factories, textile 
works, and trading in lumber and fish. Its population is about 3,600 people. 

These thirty-two cities and towns have an aggregate population of 124,084 people. The greater 
number of towns in Maryland, however, have a population ranging from 1,000 to 2,500 people. The 
five larger secondary cities, including Cumberland, Hagerstown, Frederick, Annapolis and Cambridge — 
ranging in the order of their size — have an aggregate population of 61,601 people, while the twelve 
largest urban centres — (excluding Baltimore) Salisbury, Frostburg, Crisfield, Easton, Havre de Grace, 
Westminster and Chestertown, show a total population of 90,238 people. These twelve cities and towns 
are the principal commercial centres of the State outside of Baltimore, and both in the amount of their 
commerce and manufactures, in the extent of their population, and in the character of their government, 
they compare favorably with url)an centres of like size in other States of the Union. 



XTbe Monuments ot ^av^lanb 

^^^^ENEATH the words " Monumental City, " as applied to Baltimore, there is more than the 
^ T5 ^5 usual note of frivolity or good-natured rivalry which causes the people of one section to 
5^ ^ nickname a city or state in another — there is the unanimous testimony of early Americans 

^^>I<>S to the reverence and patriotism which characterized Marylanders generally. While the 
people of the other lately-freed states were giving their entire thought to the commercial 
])Ossibilities of the country in which they lived, or to the organization in their new-found liltertj' of a 
republican society, the citizens of Maryland paused in their planning and dreaming — paused long enough 
to remember the one great controlling spirit who had changed the Declaration of Independence from a 
speculation into a fact. It was not strange that a people who had shown the grit and courage which 
Marylanders displayed in the Revolutionary War, should for a season ignore the demands of tomorrow 
that the>- might honor tlie great military chieftain of yesterday; and so in the very heart of Baltimore 
City there was raised the first — and even to the present time the most beautiful and impressive — 
memorial to George Washington. 

Plans had already been completed for erecting the monument to Washington, and its projectors 
had selected for its site the open square on Calvert street, between Fayette and Lexington streets, when 
the second war with England intervened, and for a time the building of the Washington Monument 
was delayed. By the time those interested in the memorial were prejiared to resume their labors, the 
battle of North Point, on September 12, 1814, and the bombardment of Fort McHenry had taken place, 
and the people built the Battle Monument to the honor of those who had defended their lives and homes 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 153 

upon the site originally selected for the monument to Washington, while the latter memorial was con- 
structed upon the crest of a hill somewhat further uptown— known today as Washington Square and 
-Mount Vernon Place. And the visitor coming to Baltimore beheld these two magnificent moiuiments 
built by the people of Maryland, and he called the place the Monumental City. 

With the passage of years and the increase of commercial burdens, the people of Maryland have 
lost nothing of that sense of gratitude which prompted them in early days to raise monuments to their 
heroes and benefactors. In Baltimore and throughout the State the contributions of citizens, cities 
and the commonwealth have erected many monuments and statues for the purpose of perpetuating the 
memory of those men of Maryland and the world at large who have rendered distinguished service to 
the state or nation. From Columbus, who discovered America, to Schley, Maryland's own son who so 
ably defended its honor in the Spanish-American War, down the entire stretch of American history, 
there are characters by honoring whom Maryland has strengthened her claim to the title "Monumental." 
The movement which resulted in the erection of Washington Monument, was given its formal 
beginning in 1809, when a party of Baltimoreans were authorized by the legislature to conduct a lottery 
for the purpose of raising funds for the proposed memorial. As the site originally selected for the 
Washington Monument had been taken by the Battle Monument, Col. John Eager Howard, 
Revolutionary officer and Maryland Statesman, offered a plot of ground upon which to erect it. Colonel 
Howard's offer was accepted, and he deeded to the city the beautiful hill upon which the Washington 
Monument now stands. This is now known as Washington Square and Mount Vernon Place, the 
memorial being at the intersection of Charles and Monuments streets. The corner stone was laid on 
July 4, 1815, and the structure was completed in 1829. The monument consist of a Doric column, 
varying however, from the pure Grecian form in that it has a base, and is surmounted with a stattie of 
Washington. The base of the column accommodates two massive entrances to the structure and a first-floor 
room. By means of a spiral staircase access is had to the top of the column, which is surrounded by a 
balcony. The monument is 280 feet above the tide-water, and the statue is 16 feet high. The base of 
the monument is encircled by iron railings, while reaching out in the four primary points of the compass 
are as many stretches of city parks. These parks are one block in length, though narrow, and are 
lined on either side with some of the finest public buildings and residences in the city. 

Four memorials have been erected in the parks surrounding Washington Monument. The 
newest of these is the equestrian statue of Colonel John Eager Howard, one of the bravest officers in 
the Revolutionary War, and who served his State later as Governor and United States Senator. It was 
he who presented the city with the ground upon which Washington Monument and the four memorials 
stand. The Howard Statue was unveiled on January 16, 1904, and stands at the far end of the park to 
the north of Washington Monument. In the same stretch of land, but at the south end of the northern 
park, and immediately facing the large monument, is a statue of Roger Brooke Taney, lawyer, jurist 
and statesman, who while Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, rendered the famous 
" Dred Scott " decision. Judge Taney is represented in a sitting position and robed in the gown of his 
exalted position. In the park east of Washington Monument is a statue of George Peabody, the great 
philanthropist and particular friend of Maryland. It was Peabody who aided Maryland in the effort to 
maintain her credit and avoid repudiating her public debts in the forties, and it was he who gave to the 
city the great library and educational in.stitution which is housed in the marble building just south of 
his statue. The memorial is a seated bronze figure of the philanthropist resting upon a granite pedestal. 
In the park extending southward from Washington Monument is a statue of Severn Teackle Wallis, an 
eminent Maryland lawyer and an active force in the political affairs of the State. In the fourth of the 
parks, that west of the Monument, are a number of studies in bronze by Barye. 

The movement to erect the Battle Monument to which we have referred took definite form on 
March 1, 1815, and on September 12, 1815 — the first anniversary of the Battle of North Point — the 
corner-stone was laid in the open court immediately north of the intersection of Faj'ette and Calvert streets. 
This tract of land had long been a meeting place for the people of Baltimore. From very early days 
they had gathered here on jubilee occasions and engaged in public debates and demonstrations, and it 
was therefore a fitting site for the memorial. The monument was completed in 1822, the figure which 
surmounts the column being raised on September 12 of that year. The lower half of the monument proper 
is square, and serves as a base for a Doric column upon which stands the figure of a female holding a 



154 THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

wreath. The moimment is 42 feet high, while the statue gives it an additional nine feet, making the 
entire height 51 feet. 

While the Battle Monument was in course of construction, a small monument was erected in the 
outskirts of the city, near the spot where the Americans first encountered the British under General Ross. 
This monument or tablet was put up on July 28, 1817, as a memorial to Aquilla Randall, who fell in the 
Battle of North Point. At the corner of Gay and Monument streets, in Baltimore, is another memorial 
to those who took part in the battle of September 12, 1814. Two privates in a company which went out 
to oppose General Ro.ss's advance, were killed about the .same time that the Briti.sh commander fell, and 
these lads — Wells and McComas — have been credited by tradition with killing the British commander. 
Their bodies were fir.st buried in a graveyard which occupied the present site of the Johns Hopkins 
Hospital; subsequently they were taken up and re-interred in Greenmount Cemetery. A movement was 
started in 1854 to erect a monument to their memory, and the memorial was completed in 1873. Under 
this memorial — the Wells and McComas Monument, which is 3i3 feet high, rest the bodies of the two 
defenders, in the third grave they have filled. While they were brave soldiers and gave up their lives 
for the defence of their city, it is more than probable that General Ross was killed 1)>- the men of 
Captain Benjamin C. Howard's Company. 

On the grounds of the Samuel Ready Institute, on East North avenue, is a plain obelisk of brick 
covered with cement, which ri.ses sixty feet from the ground. This is supposed to be the fir.st memorial 
erected to Columbus in America, it having been built by a certain Chevalier d'Anmour, a Frenchman, 
in 1792. There was a rumor circulated at one time that the "Columbus," to whom the memorial is 
in.scribed, was not the discoverer of America, but a favorite horse of the Frenchman. The late Prof. 
Herbert B. Adams, of the Johns Hopkins Univer.sity, however, disproved this story, and there is no 
reason to doubt that the old monument was built as a memorial to the discoverer of America. In 1892, 
one hundred years later, the Italians of Baltimore presented to the city a monument in honor of 
Christopher Columbus, which is a replica to the one erected to his memory in Genoa. It is of white 
marble, and eighteen feet high. The ba.se serves as a pede.stal for a marble statue of the di.scoverer, the 
latter being six and a-half feet high. The monument occupies a prominent site near the lake in Druid 
Hill Park, and is artistically executed. Close by is the magnificent Wallace Statue, presented to the 
city by William Wallace Spence. This monument con.sists of a heroic figure of the Scotch patriot, 
William Wallace, in bronze, mounted upon a massive granite base ISyi feet high. The memorial was 
presented to the city in 1892, and its admirable position upon one of the most prominent hills surrounding 
the big lake has made it one of the most familiar memorials in the city of monuments. 

In 1861, the Odd Fellows of America began a movement to rai.se a fitting memorial to Thomas 
Wildey, the father of the Order in America, who founded in Baltimore the first branch of the organization 
in America. The cornerstone of the monument, which stands on North Broadway, was laid April 26, 
1865, and the monument, 52 feet in height, was completed on September 20 of the same year. The Odd 
Fellows also erected somewhat later another monument in Baltimore in memory of James L. Ridgely, 
one of their most efficient officers. The base of the monument is of rough and polished granite, and is 
surmounted by a bronze statue of him in whose honor it is erected. It stands in Harlem Park, in the 
northwestern section of the city. The McDonogh Monument, in Greenmount Cemetery, was dedicated 
on July 31, 1865. It is a memorial of John McDonogh, who died near New Orleans in 1850, and by 
his will left the bulk of his estate to Baltimore and New Orleans. It is to this memorial in Greenmount 
Cemetery that the boys of the McDonogh School — one of the foundations established by his philanthropy 
— march once a year on Founder's Day and place at its base their floral memorial wreaths. 

In the burial ground adjoining Westminster Church, at the corners of Faj-ette and Greene .streets 
is the Poe Monument — a small, but impressive granite memorial, which was erected by the public 
school teachers of Baltimore, and dedicated in November, 1875. The Ferguson Monument, a memorial 
by the people of Baltimore to William B. Ferguson, who lost his life by yellow fever in Norfolk, 1835, 
while engaged in fighting the disease there, is in Greenmount Cemetery; as are also the monuments to 
Profes.sor William R. Creery, .sometime superintendent of public schools, which was the gift of the 
teachers and pupils of the schools, and the Smith Monument, a memorial to \^'illiam Prescott Smith by 
the business men of Baltimore as a mark of their appreciation of his service in building up the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad. 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 155 

The number of monuments in Baltimore has been increased in recent years by the addition of 
several very attractive memorials. The most pretentious of these is the monument to the soldiers of the 
Revolutionary War, which stands in Mount Royal Plaza, near Mount Royal Station of the Baltimore and 
Ohio. This monument was unveiled on October 19, 1901. It is a granite column, 32 feet high, on a 
base and pede.stal, and surmounted by a statue of liberty. The statue is 11 feet high, giving the entire 
memorial a height of more than 60 feet. Upon the crest of the hill of Mount Roj^al Avenue stands the 
monument erected in 1903 to the memory of the Maryland soldiers who died in the Mexican War, and 
surmounted by a statue of Col. Watson, the commander of the Baltimore Battalion. A short distance 
further up Mount Royal Avenue is the Confederate Monument, erected in 1903 by the Maryland Chapter 
of the Daughters of the Confederacy. A bronze figure of a young Confederate soldier, wounded, is 
caught up by an angel as he is falling, and borne off to immortality. Another Confederate monument is 
at Loudon Park, erected to the memory of General J. R. Herbert in 1891. There are also a host of 
minor memorials in the cemeteries and parks of the city which have been raised to perpetuate the names 
of Marylanders. 

Of the Maryland monuments outside of Baltimore, the Sharpsburg memorial to Maryland's dead 
at Antietam is perhaps the mo.st famous. Upon this famous battlefield of the Civil War numerous mon- 
uments have been erected, the State of Pennsylvania, upon one occa.sion, dedicating thirteen shafts to as 
many regiments. The Maryland monument is a massive and dignified affair, suggesting the tombs 
which foreign nations raise to their dead monarchs, and is an altogether fitting memorial to the brave 
.soldiers of the State who fell in the mighty conflict between North and South. On the site of old St. 
Mary'.s — marking the spot where the pioneer colonists of Maryland landed from their ships, the Ark and 
the Dove — stands a monument to Leonard Calvert, the first Governor of the province. This memorial is 
a granite .shaft 36 feet high, and was unveiled on June 3, 1891. In Charles County, fifteen miles from 
La Plata and near Durham Church, is a gigantic granite block which stands as a monument to General 
William Smallwood, Revolutionary hero and early Governor of Maryland. This monument was dedicated 
on July 14, 1898, and though in the main a simple memorial, its roughness and massiveness are indicative 
of the courage and strength of the great Maryland soldier. 

A monument was unveiled on August 9, 1898, at Mount Olivet Cemetery, Frederick City, upon 
which stands a bronze statue of the author of "The Star Spangled Banner," and beneath rest the bodies 
of Francis Scott Key and his wife. There is an excellent bust of Wagner, the German composer, in 
Druid Hill Park, and in the chapel of the United States Naval Academy is a fitting memorial to the early 
American sea-fighter, John Paul Jones. Near the State House at Annapolis is a statue of De Kalb, the 
valiant friend of the American Colonies during their struggle for independence, who was killed during 
the war. De Kalb is represented in striking pose, his sword upraised high above his head, as if he were 
leading his men into action. In the rotunda of the State House is a bronze statue of Rear Admiral 
Winfield Scott Schley, which was placed in position on December 28, 1904. 

The disposition of Marjdanders to honor those who have done the State and nation great good has 
on several occasions caused them to cross the boundary lines of the commonwealth in their purpose of 
raising fitting memorials. In Prospect Park, Brooklyn, stands a monument of polished Tennessee 
marble and granite 27 feet in height, a memorial raised by Marylanders to the memory of the immortal 
four hundred young men of this State who fell in the battle of Long Island, having five times charged 
and broken the British Infantry. At Guilford Courthouse, North Carolina, is a cube of granite dedicated 
to the memory of Marylanders who fought so well there in the Revolution. At Gettysburg, the 
sole Confederate Memorial is a monument to the Second Maryland Infantry, and a marker in front shows 
how far the}' entered the opposing lines. In Statuary Hall, at the Capitol, Washington, stand two 
bronze statues of eminent Marylanders which were presented to the National Government by the Legis- 
lature of the Old Line State. One is Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, a signer of the Declaration of 
Independence, and the other John Hanson, first president of the Continental Congress. These 
statues were formally presented on December 4, 1902. Among other memorials now contemplated is 
one to Cecilius Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore. 



lEbucation in ^av^lanb 

^^^^^T IS not the purpose of this article to sketch the Public School System of Maryland compris- 



^5 iiig its admirable High, Grammar and Primary Schools. From the time of the settlement 



^ ■^ ^ of the Colony a sj'stem of public schools was conceived to be the cradle of Liberty, and in 
^^^^ all the years of her historj' Marj^land has been doing a noble, thorough and patriotic work 
by training her children along the lines of liberal thought, by developing ambitious ideals 
in them suggested by her own history and by giving them a training that will make them efficient in all 
the walks of life. The idea of the article is rather to narrate short histories of a few of the brighter 
collegiate stars that have sparkled in the firmament of Maryland's educational glory. 

St. 5obn's College 

When antiquity had scarce begun in Mar^dand the General Assembly in the Old Capital at St. 
Mary's were planning a great public in.stitution, and in 1694, when the capital was moved to Annapolis, 
the necessary laws were passed. There, in the reign of William III, King William's School was founded. 
Among its patrons were the Archbishop of Canterbury, its Chancellor, the King, and Governor 
Nicholson. Royalty itself, under its golden seal and title, donated a theological and classical library, 
much of which has survived the rolling centuries. But even with this opportunity at hand the sons of 
Maryland's colonial planters crossed the sea to obtain education and polish in Old World schools rather 
than in the first Public Free School on the North American Continent. To obviate this tendency St. 
John's College was chartered in 1784, and became the successor of the older King William's School in 
the field of education and the inheritor of its property. 

On November 11, 1789, the College was opened formally by the chief citizens of the State, men 
who later became signers of the Declaration of Independence, distinguished officers in the Revolution, 
and orators, statesmen and philosophers of note. Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, is said to have given 
the College its name from St. John's College, of the University of Oxford, in England, of which he was 
an alumnus. General Washington asked to be called a friend of the "infant seminary" which he hoped 
would have "an early and mature manhood," and within its walls Francis Scott Key received undying 
inspiration. Some years later General Lafayette wished it success in a personal visit. Chief Justice 
Taney in writing of these days has called Annapolis "The Athens of America," and, indeed, it was an 
educational centre from which emanated in the New World the kindred inspirations that Greece had 
given to the Old. The inspiring life of this college has continued until today despite the difficulties of 
the war between the States, when its buildings were converted into Federal Hospitals and its students 
scattered. 

The sentiments that live and breathe in us when we recall the noble influences the settlement of 
Jamestown exerted upon American life are most hajipih- exeni]ilified in the spirit that made and pre- 
served this time-honored institution. 

Ubc mniversitg ot /IDal•v?lan^ 

In 1798, "The Medical and Chirurgical Faculty for the State of Maryland" was incorporated, and 
in ]8()7, "The College of Medicine of Maryland" was established. Dr. John Shaw, a graduate of St. 
John's College and an intimate friend of Francis Scott Key, drew the charter. During its passage in the 
Legislature an amusing incident occurred. Some of the incorporators named in the Bill were only 
licentiates without any degree and some were M. D.s, and were so stated in the Act. A member of the 
legislature who had a personal friend on the list to whose name no degree was attached remarked "that 
he couldn't see why his friend should not be an M. D. as well as the others," with the result that all the 
licentiates were made M. D.s by an Act of the Legislature. 

At this time there were only four medical schools in America, and a great prejudice existed in the 
public mind against their necessary methods. Dr. Shaw had gone to some expense to erect an 
Anatomical Theatre, but while a dissection and lecture was in progress, it was stormed by an assembly 



THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 157 

of citizens and totally destroyed. Some time later Dr. Shaw died a martyr to his own medical experi- 
meTits, having contracted pleurisy in course of them. 

In 1808, the Legislature appointed Colonel John Eager Howard, James McHenry, William Gwynn 
and others Lottery Commissioners to raise a sum not exceeding forty thousand dollars by lottery to aid 
the College, and later Colonel Howard gave it the lot at the corner of Lombard and Greene Streets, on 
which was placed the present building of the Medical School, designed after the Pantheon at Rome, and 
when completed in 1813 the only Medical School Building in America. 

The Act of 1812 created the corporation of the Regents of the University of Maryland to embrace 
a Faculty of Medicine, a Faculty of Divinity, a Faculty of Law and a Faculty of the Arts and Sciences. 
Although subordinated to that of Medicine, perhaps the most remarkable Faculty in human history was 
that of Divinity with "six ordained ministers of any denomination" headed by the Rev. William E 
Wyatt, of St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church. In the application of the ordinary courses of human 
nature in the premises, this Faculty died more or less harmoniously by the wayside, although the Rev. 
J. G. Hamner, a well-known Presbyterian divine, appeared at commencements as late as 1878, the solitary 
head of its bare entity. 

Beginning with 1821, the University entered upon a period of storm and stress. This first cen- 
tered around Dr. Granville S. Pattison, an importation from Glasgow; a man of much abilit}-, holding 
among his friends the greatest Scottish minds of the day, but dissipated in his liabits. He was the first 
Professor of Surgery, and succeeded in obtaining a loan of thirty thousand dollars from the State of 
Maryland upon which the Faculty were to pay the interest. He soon became involved in personal 
quarrels with others of the Faculty and with the profession in Philadelphia, and wounded a Mr. Cad- 
walader of that city in a duel. Soon after this occurrence he was forced to leave Baltimore About this 
time also occured an unfortunate duel between two students at Bladensburg, in which William Bond 
Martin of Kent County was killed. Two features of these years were the erection of the University 
Hospital in 1823 and the visit of General I^afayette in 1824 when he received the honorarj- degree 
of LL. D. 

From 1826 to 1839 occurred a period of civil strife between the Trustees created under the uncon- 
stitutional act of 1826 and the Regents, whom they had endeavored to supersede in control. The faculty 
sided with the Regents and it is most difficult to imagine profitable teaching when the trustees were 
holding up the salaries of the faculty and iirompting the janitor to insult them in everj' conceivable way. 
Indeed, as we survey these days now fortunately passed forever, the janitor .seemed to be monarch of all 
he surveyed and might well have exclaimed: "I am the University!" 

The first law lecture was established in 1822 with Prof. David Hoffman, LL. D., in tlie chair. 
Little success followed his efforts, however, and Professor Hoffman sold his library and furniture to the 
trustees, but for some unaccountable reason failed to deliver them. In 1833 he was sued by the tru.stees 
in an action of "trover," but gave bail and went to Europe and the judgment was still "unsatisfied" 
when the Regents resumed possession in 1839. 

From the restoration of the Regents in 1839 until the Civil War the University prospered and financial 
difficulties were met and banished. From 1844 until 1847 David Stewart lectured on pharmacy. At 
this time a course of dissection was made compulsory upon the medical student. In 1852 private rooms, 
the first in America, were added to the Hospital, making a capacity of 150 beds. 

From the ending of the Civil War begins the greatest period of the University's work. First in 
1869 the Law School was revived by Messrs. George W. Dobbin and John H. B. Latrobe, with Messrs. 
George William Brown, Bernard Carter and John P. Poe as their associates. This school prospered and 
in 1884 was moved from its old location on Mulberry Street to its present location on Lombard Street. 
Among its lecturers was Robert H. Martin, whose brother had been killed in the duel at Bladensburg. 
This school is in active existence today and has obtained eminence in the field of the philosophy and 
practice of the law. Its graduates number many of Maryland's judges and notable barristers. 

At present the University has three flourishing schools, those of medicine, dentistry and law. It 
is about to celebrate its one hundredth anniversary by raising a general endowment fund, the collections 
on which are already running well up into the thousands. In the world of therapeutics it has made a 
distinguished and original reputation and it has founded the careers of many skillful and famous prac- 



158 THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

titioners. Its history is tlie history of the life of Baltimore City for the last hundred years and its 
success has been achieved to no small extent Ijy the originality of its early faculty and the management 
and purpose of the jiresent one. 

Ubc /IDarBlan5 Hgricultural (lollccje 

This institution is Maryland's School of Technology. 

Its charter and organization was secured in 1856 from the Legislature of Maryland 1)y a body of 
public spirited and cultured planters, who descrilied their purposes in the organization of an agricultural 
college in the following words; 

"It is the jirovince and duty of the Legislature to encourage and aid the philanthropic and 
])atriotic citizens in their efforts to disseminate useful knowledge by establishing an Agricultural College 
and Model Farm, which shall, in addition to the usual course of scholastic training, particularly indoc- 
trinate the youth of Maryland, theoretically and practically, in those arts and sciences which, with good 
manners and morals, shall enable them to subdue the earth and elevate the State to the lofty position its 
advantages in soil, climate, etc., and the moral and mental capacity of its citizens entitles it to attain." 

This charter is believed to l)e the first act of a State Legislature providing expressly for experi- 
mental work in agriculture in America. 

The State of Maryland associated the experiment station with the college as a department of the 
institution, its support lieing provided for by the Hatch Act of 1888. 

Dating from the organization of the experiment station as a department of the college, its work 
and influence has continued to grow, until today its publications are sent to 25,000 separate addresses, 
when fifteen j^ears ago this mailing list only numbered 5,000 names. 

The extent of the influence of the agricultural college upon the practical work of the farm can be 
appreciated when one realizes that there are only 40,000 farms in the State, and a mailing list of 5,000 
has grown to be one of 25,000 in fifteen years. 

The policy of the Maryland Agricultural College of having all State work, requiring scientific 
training relating to agriculture, placed under the direction of departments of educational institutions 
maintaining courses of .science related to the work to be done, was presented for the consideratiort of the 
agriculturists of the State through the agency of granges and farmers' clubs and other allied farmers' 
organizations. It was soon evident that the policy was accejjtable to the people whose interest it was 
intended to subserve. As a result the State has the following work done by the Maryland Agricultural 
College, through the agencies of its scientific departments: 

(I), animal JFOO& an5 Jfcrtfltjcr Control IWorl? 
A work which has been of inestimable value to agriculturists of the State from two stand points : 
{a). Its educational value in teaching the farmers the correct use of fertilizers and foods, and also 
giving them an intelligent conception of what constitutes a proper food for an animal or plant, from 
which he expects a certain product. 

^b) . Its financial value in aiding him, bj' noting the quotation daily of prices in the public press 
of food and fertilizer ingredients, to estimate the value of either food or fertilizer, when the analysis is 
placed before him. The biennial reports of the analyses of foods and fertilizers from the Chemical 
Department of the College, places in the hands of 25,000 farmers and their families a reliable guide for 
the purchase of all fertilizers and animal foods which may be needed on the farm. The value of such 
information can hardly be estimated to the intelligent and energetic tiller of the soil. 

(2). Jibe State "toorttcultui-al Xaw 

Maryland is a horticultural State from the mountains to the sea. Her peaches, her apples, her 
pears, her strawberries, as well as her other truck crojis are known and appreciated along the whole 
eastern border of the United States, as well as through the west and northwest. Any agency tending to 
affect this interest disastrously, is a matter of vital concern to thousands of the people of Maryland. 

The origin of the law came from just such an agency. The San Jose scale is responsible for this 
law. This pest threatened the entire orchard interest of the State. The administration of this law was 
placed in the hands of the Maryland Agricultural College. Its Horticultural Department was directed 
to take charge of the work. The result is that where despair existed, self-reliance is now in command. 



THE CROWX OF THE CHESAPEAKE 159 

The investigations of science revealed a remedial agency which places the intelligent and energetic 
orchardist and trucker in command. All realize that scientific investigation and correct applications of 
the principles involved, mark every advance made by the human race, since the march of progress 
commenced. 

Ube dfarmers flnstttute ©njauijatiou 

This work was established for the purpose of carrying to the homes and fields the truths which 
scientific investigations have evolved. 

The efficiency of the work is demonstrated by the interest displayed by the agriculturists, 
individually and collectively, in frequenting the grounds of the Institution and in writing for information 
on every phase of agricultural life. These departments have been administered to the satisfaction of 
those for whose benefit they were established. 

The Agricultural College is associated with tlie Johns Ho]ikins University in administering: 

(1). The State Geologic Survey. 

(2). The State Highway Commission. 

(3). The Bureau of State Forestry. 

The results obtained are equally satisfying to the people of the State. 

To those who are conversant with the history of the Agricultural College of Maryland, it is 
evident that the influence of the College upon farming conditions in the first decade was very small in 
comparison with that it exerted during the second decade. Allowing a good margin for general condi- 
tions, it may safely be said that a large share of the increase in value of Maryland farm products is 
attributable to improved methods in practice, based upon instruction given by the Maryland Agricultural 
College, through its Department of Education and Investigation. 

TLbc Sobns iHopkins "Ulniversit? 

Johns Hopkins, a wealthy Baltimore merchant, who died in 1873, provided in his will for the 
endowment of a university to be placed in the hands of the trustees of a corporation that had been 
formed in his lifetime. 

One-half of his fortune of $7,000,000, consisting in the main of investments in the stock of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, was devoted to this end and the original trustees were largely prominent 
financiers interested in this railroad, and other citizens of Baltimore who were successful merchants or 
professional men. Among them may be mentioned John W. Garrett, Galloway Cheston, Francis 
White, Charles J. M. Gwynn, Reverdy Johnson and Judges George W. Dobbin and George William 
Brown. 

The idea of a universitj- as the surest method of perpetuating his name and of benefitting posterity 
was suggested to Johns Hopkins by George Peabody, the merchant prince and philanthropist, in 
glowing words during a visit of the latter to Baltimore. The idea was at first received with some 
disappointment by Baltimoreans who were certain that their city had an abundance of able colleges. 
The trustees, however, nothing daunted, secured the advice of Dr. Gilman of California, Dr. Eliot of 
Har\-ard, Dr Angell of Michigan, and Dr. White of Cornell, and the Johns Hopkins University was 
founded for advanced university work upon the "idea" of a university as distinct from a college, 
following both the German and the English theories of higher education and the "Zeit-geist" of the 
epoch. Personal visits were paid to the most renowned men of letters and science throughout the world 
and suggestions were obtained from Von Hoist in Germany, and from Dr. Jowett, Lord Kelvin, Tyndall, 
Huxley, Spencer and James Bryce in England. 

The fundamental principles of the new foundation as expressed at its opening were; 

"The in.stitution now taking shape should be forever free from influ- 
ences of ecclesiasticisra and partisanship; all departments of learning should 
be promoted, the new departments of research receiving full attention, while 
the traditional are not slighted; the instructions should be as thorough, as 
advanced, and as special, as the intellectual conditions of the country will 
permit; the glory of the University should rest upon the character of the 
teachers and scholars brought together; its sphere of influence should be 
national while all local institutions should be quickened by its power." 



160 THE CROWN OF THE CHESAPEAKE 

Starting with 1S76 lectures were given by distinguished scholars from all the world, notably 
Cooley, Lowell, Whitney, Newcomb, Kelvin, Sylvester, Cayley, Freeman, Bryce and Dean Stanley. A 
scholar of the University of Cambridge remarked of these days: "Baltimore is a seaport which exports 
corn and imports mathematics." 

Four names are inseparably bound in the wreath of laurel that Time has laid upon the deeds of the 
early daj's of the University. Sylvester remained for .seven years at the University, an inspiration and 
emulation for the student. He was a profound and original mathematical genius whose work has found 
a place in the study of all universities since. The peculiarity of his mannerisms and his acute absent- 
mindedness are responsible for many Joe Millerisnis that still arise at the mention of his name and in 
moments of relief from higher abstraction he actually composed a series of verses to Rosalind. 

Rowland, a very young man, fresh from work with Helmholtz, was a great natural genius, 
untrained in the schools, but conscious of his own accuracy of research with nature as instructress. He 
became the greatest American physicist, redetermining the mechanical equivalent of heat and standard- 
izing the ohm. In pursuing his work on the solar spectrum he contrived a dividing engine which ruled 
43,000 lines in the space of one inch and in his English lectures remarked that it could rule a million 
lines if any one could count them. His photographs of the solar spectrum are the most perfect ever 
made and he invented multiplex telegraphy. 

Sidney Lanier's influence upon the development of the University was that of a beautiful poetical 
spirit. His guiding light shone but a few bright years in the lecture room and then he died. 
"His voice rang fearless to the close, 
He sang Death's Cup with cordial cheer — " 

Dr. Herbert Adams, who did more for the development of historical science in America than any 
man in his day, was a great magnetic force. His personal relations to his class were friendly and 
advisory and his wonderful executive ability in handling men a valuable force in shaping the course of 
the University. 

The Johns Hopkins University suffered much in the lean years that followed the bankruptcy of 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, but with State aid and munificent personal gifts from Francis White, 
C. Morton Stewart, Caroline O'Donovan and many others the evil days were tided over. It remains 
today the first university in America, the apostle of individual research into all the problems of the 
unknown. Its writings have been translated into many foreign tongues, and it is high authorit}' on all 
humane and scientific subjects throughout the educational world. 

Through the gifts of public spirited citizens it has obtained a beautiful academic grove at Home- 
wood, in the northern suburbs of Baltimore, and when it becomes established in its new habitation it 
will achieve a name even more lustrous. 

"Cbe Moman'5 (lollcGe ot ^Baltimore 

Founded in 1884, on the one hundredth anniversary of the organization of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church in that city, this institution has achieved a high reputation in the field of the collegiate educa- 
tion of women. The ideal sought by its creators was the more perfect formation of womanly character 
for adaptation to the higher responsibilities of life in the home and in the progressive development of 
woman in the world at large. This has been worked out along the lines of the promotion of knowledge 
in woman to secure the bles.sings of mental and bodily health and development of moral life. Although 
sectarian in its administration it numbers students of all denominations on its rolls and Methodism is a 
potent, not a disciplinary force in its councils. 

Its collegiate departments furnish to women the .same courses that the Johns Hopkins University 
offers to its'undergraduates for the several bachelors' degrees, while the greater proportion of its students are 
residents at the College surrounded by a domestic life and good influences. Phj-sical education is a feature 
in the College work and a regular part of the curriculum. The College buildings are large and numerous, 
three spacious residence halls being named after the Norse divinities, Glitner, Fensal and Vingolf. In 
the twentj' years of its existence the College has become the leading woman's college of the South, and 
has consummated a great work in preparing women for university instruction and research, and for 
professional life. 






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